A Coherent EU Legal System - Free Essay Example

Why the system of preliminary rulings in Article 267 TFEU is, and continues to be, important for the development of a coherent EU legal system and the liberalization of the procedure. The system of preliminary rulings provides the European Court of Justice (ECJ) an opportunity to assume an advisory role for other member states. The functioning of the ECJ is described under Article 19 of the Treaty of European Union (TEU) which states that the court must ensure correct interpretation and application of treaty law among member states as well as provide remedies for cases where there is no remedy available under national law, to ensure effective legal protection is provided by European Union (EU) to all its citizens. Treaties and acts are binding agreements created between EU member countries to describe the objectives, rules and relationship aspired to be formed between the members of the union having the ultimate intention of protecting the dignity, freedom, equality and respect for human rights for all citizens of the union as stated in Article 2 of the TEU. Coherent application of EU law throughout the union is a joint responsibility shared between the ECJ and the national courts. To ensure that member states apply EU law in a uniform manner Article 267 of the European Union Functioning Treaty (TFEU) plays an important role by developing community law which is applied by national courts based on its consultation with ECJ. This procedure is important because it creates a two way system allowing individuals subjected to European Union law to challenge the application of union law upon them in national courts. It also makes it possible for constant review of the validity and correct app lication of EU laws by ECJ. At the crux of the reference procedure lies the important principle that it is the national court which finally decides whether to refer to ECJ. However when there is no further judicial remedy for the individual to avail at national level and the dispute arises from incoherent application of EU law, it is a must for the case to be referred to ECJ for direction as stated in Article 267(3) of TFEU. This creates a vertical relationship between national courts and ECJ. At the same time the rulings provided to one member state is applied coherently to other members in a horizontal and multilateral manner. However there has been laxity in the application of Article 267 due to the increasing number of cases that has been referred to ECJ and the increasing number of countries that have become members of the EU. This has created delay in the functioning of the European court which is feared will create a miscarriage of justice. It follows from the judgem ent in the C-246/80 Broekmeulen v Huisarts Registratie Commissie (1981) ECR 2311 case that the obligation to refer under Article 234 (3) is not an absolute one. It was decided that a decision to refer was the prerogative of the national court. Only cases which had exhausted all available remedies under the national judicial system had to be referred to ECJ for a preliminary ruling. This was again emphasized in C-28/62 Da Costa (1963) ECR 31 case, where the question of necessity to refer if the case had already been answered in a previous ruling was raised. The reply was to exempt the case from referral to the Court of Justice in such matters because the national court was expected to apply the available decision. This introduced the concept of precedents into community legal system. In C-66/80 International Chemical Corporation (1981) ECR 1191 case ECJ further ruled that the precedent effect must apply to not only individual states but to all states where similar cases arise. This was based on its multilateral effect upon all member states. Finally to address cases in which decisions were so obvious that no reference was required ECJ came up with the doctrine of acte clair. This doctrine was applicable when the national court feels it can avoid referring to ECJ to reduce the burden on ECJ. It was applied in C 283/81 CILFIT (1982) ECR 3415 case. The decision in the case of CILFIT reinforced the delegation of duties to national courts and the use of precedents as a way of reducing the number of cases that are referred to ECJ under the preliminary reference procedure are however considered to have liberalized the position of ECJ in ensuring a coherent community law. The disadvantages of the above procedures were the possibility of errors in interpretation of judgements made, taking into consideration the various languages that are used by member countries and the abuse of power vested in member states to decide cases that need reference. Delegation of duties to national courts could result in failure to refer the matter because of the fine line that separated a case that was clear in it facts and one that required reference due to doubts in community law. To address these possibilities in C-173/03 Traghetti del Mediterraneo SpA (2006) ECR 1209 a principle was applied to establish liability for damages arising from failure to correctly interpret EU law and to refer cases to ECJ for preliminary rulings where no remedy is available. In conclusion although Article 267 advocates reference to ECJ it has liberalized the use of this procedure to reduce its workload. Measures such as the introduction of acte clair doctrine and application of precedents and reference of cases with no judicial remedies at the national level make this possible. Words : 997 Bibliography: Paul Craig, 2007. EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials. 4th Edition. Oxford University Press. Tony Storey, 2011.Unlocking EU Law (Unlocking the Law). 3rd Edition. Routledge. Nigel Foster, 2012. Blackstones EU Treaties Legislation 2012-2013. 23rd Edition. Oxford University Press. Damian Chalmers, 2014. European Union Law: Text and Materials. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Francesco, Francesco Duina, 1997. Explaining Legal Implementation in the European Union. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 25, 155-179. EUR-Lex. 2015. [ONLINE] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html. [Accessed 08 April 2015]. b) State liability in Francovich case, cases after Francovich and why a member state might not be required to pay for damages even if they are in breach of state liability. ________________________________________________________________ European Union directives have a vertical and direct effect on individual member states as well as a horizontal and indirect effect on other member states. Citizens benefit from the directives through its indirect effect. State legislative mechanisms have to interpret these directives coherently with the intentions of the EU, to ensure protection of the rights of their citizens. It is also necessary that the member state laws must be re modelled to correspond to these directives. Failure to comply with requirements of community law by a member state denies citizens their rights to protection under community law and this is translated as failure of the member state to protect the rights of its citizens. Because of this, the state is held liable for damages suffered by citizens affected by the absence of such protection in their national laws. This forms the basis for the doctrine of state liability. According to the doctrine a member state found to have played a role in the damage suffered by its citizen caused needs to compensate the individual for loss incurred. This doctrine was first applied in C-479/93 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (1991) ECR 5357 case to determine the Italian governments liability for breach of EU Directive No. 80/987/EC which allowed workers to be compensated for salary that was owed to them by the company in the event that it went into bankruptcy. Failure to incorporate this into the Italian national law created a disadvantage for Italian employees. They could not claim their salary from the company because under Italian national law there was no protection provided for workers affected by such incidence. Although this was provided by community law the national government had failed to legislate in accordance to this provision. The workers were therefore allowed to claim from their government losses they suffered. It was considered that the member state had failed to adhere to the requirements of Article 288 TFEU requiring it to take necessary measures to ensure national law complied with a directive of community law. The decision in Francovich set the stage for better enforcement of EU law and empowerment of its citizens. This case established state liability as a general principle of Community law. However it still left many issues related to criteria that would qualify a claim for reparation unanswered. In C-46 Brasserie/ C-48/93 Factortame (1996) ECR 1029 judgment a common principle that applied to all constitutional authorities of the state for a breach of community law based on three important conditions was developed to qualify a claim for reparation. The first condition was to ascertain that the directive meant to grant rights to individual s. Second, was to identify the extent of breach that had occurred for those rights and finally, to establish that there was a link between the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to legislate in accordance with community law and the damage suffered by the person affected. Although the first and second conditions could be easily ascertained difficulty was seen when determination of the extent of breach that had taken place which would entitle a claimant to claim for damages. The answer to this was established in C-352/98 P Bergaderm (2000) ECR 5291 where it was determined that the extent of breach had to be sufficiently serious to allow claims from a member state. Further to identify what was considered as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sufficiently seriousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the court looked at how clear and precise the provision in EU law was and how these provisions had been breached by the member state, it also considered the discretion enjoyed by that Member State, if the infringement was inten ded to cause the damage suffered and the steps taken by EU institutions contributing towards implementation of practice contrary to EU law. These criteria were later applied in C-392/93 R v H.M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications 1996 ECR 1631 to determine the seriousness of the breach. The court decided that the breach of community law was not sufficiently serious to warrant reparation by the member state. In C 178 179 Dillenkofer v Republic of Germany (1996) ECR 4845, the outcome in Francovich and Factortame was combined to arrive at the judgment which concluded that breach of state obligations to align national law with union law and the resulting damage that fulfilled the three conditions outlined above would establish state liability and the state will have to provide requiring reparation. Based on the findings of the case it was concluded that both the above cases arrived at the same conclusion. In the C-66/95 The Queen v The Secretary of State for Social Security, ex parte Eunice Sutton case however the ECJ emphasised that it was up to the national courts to assess the amount of damage. The national court was expected to apply the principle of equivalence and effectiveness when deciding on the extent of reparation provided. Based on this a member state found to have breached community law could still avoid compensating the affected individual because of the exclusion or restrictive approach to state liability for judicial breaches in account of the legal certainty and res judicata principle. Legal certainty principle emphasized on the need to bring disputes to a final conclusion and once a dispute has been resolved, the decision can no longer be challenged based on the res judicata principle. This was applied in the C-224/01 Kobler case to decide if the state was liable for the damage suffered because it failed to legislate in accordance to Article 48 of free movement of workers. Words: 948 Bibliography: Paul Craig, 2007. EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials. 4th Edition. Oxford University Press. Tony Storey, 2011.Unlocking EU Law (Unlocking the Law). 3rd Edition. Routledge. Nigel Foster, 2012. Blackstones EU Treaties Legislation 2012-2013. 23rd Edition. Oxford University Press. Damian Chalmers, 2014. European Union Law: Text and Materials. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Francesco, Francesco Duina, 1997. Explaining Legal Implementation in the European Union. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 25, 155-179. EUR-Lex. 2015. [ONLINE] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html. [Accessed 08 April 2015].

Company Valuation of Navigation Systems Inc - 1650 Words

Company Valuation of Navigation Systems Inc (Case Study Sample) Content: INTERANTIONAL FINANCE INVESTMENTStudents NameCourse NameDate Due CASE ON NAVIGATION SYSTEM INC For the purpose of this paper, we shall use the following exchange rates for the Euro and the Chinese Yuan or RMBEURO / USD = 1.13 i.e. for à ¢ 1 = USD $ 1.13USD / Chinese Yuan = 6.378 or USD$1 = Yuan 6.378The equivalent of the Euros and the Chinese Yuan in United States dollars are then calculated as below. Operations in the United States = USD$ 300 millionOperations in Germany = EURO 100 millionOperations in Shanghai = 650 million Yuan We convert the values of operations in different countries to the United States Dollar using the spot exchange rate and have the following values of operations in the United States. Country Respective Value In The CountryOperations Value In USD$United States USD $ 300 MillionUSD $ 300 MillionGermanyEURO 100 MillionUSD $113 MillionChina RMB 650 MillionUSD $101.91 MillionIn the following table we show the value of operations together with the respective values of return on sales. We take note that the return on sales is calculated as a percentage of the total operations. We use the formula as  EMBED Equation.3 
The following table displays the total value of operations for Navigation System Inc in the United States denominated in USD$ exchanged using spot rates for the dollar in the countries where the operations were made. CountryValue of operations ROSValue of return on sales Total ValueUnited States300 Million10%30 Million330 MillionGermany113 Million12%13.56 Million126.56 MillionChina101.91 Million8%8.1528 Million110.0628 MillionTotal514.91 Million51.7126 Million566.6228 MillionIt is given that the forecast value total for the corporation in one year is expected to be USD$ 500 million. But according to the table above, the value of operations made from abroad increased because of the value of the USD$ in the foreign countries. We realize that using spot exchange rat e, the total value of revenues is USD$ 514.91 million. The value of return of sales in the United States is USD$ 51.7126 million. The total value from operations including ROS at spot exchange rate is USD$ 566.6228 million. Forward Exchange RateThe forward exchange rate or forward rate also called the forward price is a rate of exchange where a bank or an entity or business makes an agreement to exchange a particular currency for another currency but at a future date when it makes a forward contract with a given investor. This exchange rate depends on the spot exchange rate and the interest rate in the country where the value of the currencies are derived. The forward exchange rate is calculated using the formula below.  EMBED Equation.3 
Where F is the forward exchange rateS is the spot exchange rate, rd is the interest rate in the domestic market and rf is the interest rate in the foreign market. According to tradingeconomics.com (2015), the interest rates in United States ar e 0.25%, Germany is 0.05% and in china the interest rate is 4.6%. For the operations made in Germany, we can obtain the forward exchange rate as  EMBED Equation.3 
 where S = 0.88, so EMBED Equation.3 
,  EMBED Equation.3 
= 0.88176.We see that the forward rate of the Euro to the dollar is 1.1340 i.e. for one Euro there are USD$ 1.134We now find the forward rate of the Chinese RMB with the same formula. That is to say  EMBED Equation.3 
 where S = 6.378. rf = 4.6% or 0.046 EMBED Equation.3 
. The forward rate for the Chinese RMB Yuan is 6.1128.we now calculate and find the value of the operations in the United States at the forward rates. We use the following table to give a summary of the same. Country Respective Value In The CountryForward RateOperations Value In USD$United States USD $ 300 MillionN/AUSD $ 300 MillionGermanyEURO 100 Million1.134USD $113.4 MillionChina RMB 650 Million6.1128USD $106.334 MillionThe following table displays the total value of operations for Navigation System Inc in the United States denominated in USD$ exchanged Forward Exchange Rates for the dollar in the countries where the operations were madeCountryValue of operations ROSValue of return on sales Total ValueUnited States300 Million10%30 Million330 MillionGermany113.4 Million12%13.608 Million127.008 MillionChina106.334 Million8%8.50672 Million114.84072 MillionTotal519.734 Million52.11472 Million571.84872 MillionWe note from the table above that with forward exchange rate, the corporation would expect repatriate more money to the United States than when they use spot exchange rate. We use the following table to show the differences CountrySpot rate value (millions)Forward rate value (millions)Total value at spot (millions)Total value at forward (millions) United States300 300300300Germany 113113.4126.56127.008China 101.91106.334110.0628114.84072We note clearly that forward exchange ra te gives an expected higher value of the repatriations than spot exchange rates. The following are explanations of the different repatriations using spot exchange rate, forward exchange and the foreign exchange swaps. Spot TransactionsSpot transactions are transactions which occur whenever foreign exchange purchases are made (wiseGEEK, 2015). With spot transactions, the terms usually call for paying for a currency which usually is at specified rate time as well as in the currency preffered by the seller. In some of the cases, terms allow the person paying to pay for the currency in a specified period of time and many cases it is within forty eight hours following the signing of the contract. Spot transactions are also associated with transactions made in the foreign country... Company Valuation of Navigation Systems Inc - 1650 Words Company Valuation of Navigation Systems Inc (Case Study Sample) Content: INTERANTIONAL FINANCE INVESTMENTStudents NameCourse NameDate Due CASE ON NAVIGATION SYSTEM INC For the purpose of this paper, we shall use the following exchange rates for the Euro and the Chinese Yuan or RMBEURO / USD = 1.13 i.e. for à ¢ 1 = USD $ 1.13USD / Chinese Yuan = 6.378 or USD$1 = Yuan 6.378The equivalent of the Euros and the Chinese Yuan in United States dollars are then calculated as below. Operations in the United States = USD$ 300 millionOperations in Germany = EURO 100 millionOperations in Shanghai = 650 million Yuan We convert the values of operations in different countries to the United States Dollar using the spot exchange rate and have the following values of operations in the United States. Country Respective Value In The CountryOperations Value In USD$United States USD $ 300 MillionUSD $ 300 MillionGermanyEURO 100 MillionUSD $113 MillionChina RMB 650 MillionUSD $101.91 MillionIn the following table we show the value of operations together with the respective values of return on sales. We take note that the return on sales is calculated as a percentage of the total operations. We use the formula as  EMBED Equation.3 
The following table displays the total value of operations for Navigation System Inc in the United States denominated in USD$ exchanged using spot rates for the dollar in the countries where the operations were made. CountryValue of operations ROSValue of return on sales Total ValueUnited States300 Million10%30 Million330 MillionGermany113 Million12%13.56 Million126.56 MillionChina101.91 Million8%8.1528 Million110.0628 MillionTotal514.91 Million51.7126 Million566.6228 MillionIt is given that the forecast value total for the corporation in one year is expected to be USD$ 500 million. But according to the table above, the value of operations made from abroad increased because of the value of the USD$ in the foreign countries. We realize that using spot exchange rat e, the total value of revenues is USD$ 514.91 million. The value of return of sales in the United States is USD$ 51.7126 million. The total value from operations including ROS at spot exchange rate is USD$ 566.6228 million. Forward Exchange RateThe forward exchange rate or forward rate also called the forward price is a rate of exchange where a bank or an entity or business makes an agreement to exchange a particular currency for another currency but at a future date when it makes a forward contract with a given investor. This exchange rate depends on the spot exchange rate and the interest rate in the country where the value of the currencies are derived. The forward exchange rate is calculated using the formula below.  EMBED Equation.3 
Where F is the forward exchange rateS is the spot exchange rate, rd is the interest rate in the domestic market and rf is the interest rate in the foreign market. According to tradingeconomics.com (2015), the interest rates in United States ar e 0.25%, Germany is 0.05% and in china the interest rate is 4.6%. For the operations made in Germany, we can obtain the forward exchange rate as  EMBED Equation.3 
 where S = 0.88, so EMBED Equation.3 
,  EMBED Equation.3 
= 0.88176.We see that the forward rate of the Euro to the dollar is 1.1340 i.e. for one Euro there are USD$ 1.134We now find the forward rate of the Chinese RMB with the same formula. That is to say  EMBED Equation.3 
 where S = 6.378. rf = 4.6% or 0.046 EMBED Equation.3 
. The forward rate for the Chinese RMB Yuan is 6.1128.we now calculate and find the value of the operations in the United States at the forward rates. We use the following table to give a summary of the same. Country Respective Value In The CountryForward RateOperations Value In USD$United States USD $ 300 MillionN/AUSD $ 300 MillionGermanyEURO 100 Million1.134USD $113.4 MillionChina RMB 650 Million6.1128USD $106.334 MillionThe following table displays the total value of operations for Navigation System Inc in the United States denominated in USD$ exchanged Forward Exchange Rates for the dollar in the countries where the operations were madeCountryValue of operations ROSValue of return on sales Total ValueUnited States300 Million10%30 Million330 MillionGermany113.4 Million12%13.608 Million127.008 MillionChina106.334 Million8%8.50672 Million114.84072 MillionTotal519.734 Million52.11472 Million571.84872 MillionWe note from the table above that with forward exchange rate, the corporation would expect repatriate more money to the United States than when they use spot exchange rate. We use the following table to show the differences CountrySpot rate value (millions)Forward rate value (millions)Total value at spot (millions)Total value at forward (millions) United States300 300300300Germany 113113.4126.56127.008China 101.91106.334110.0628114.84072We note clearly that forward exchange ra te gives an expected higher value of the repatriations than spot exchange rates. The following are explanations of the different repatriations using spot exchange rate, forward exchange and the foreign exchange swaps. Spot TransactionsSpot transactions are transactions which occur whenever foreign exchange purchases are made (wiseGEEK, 2015). With spot transactions, the terms usually call for paying for a currency which usually is at specified rate time as well as in the currency preffered by the seller. In some of the cases, terms allow the person paying to pay for the currency in a specified period of time and many cases it is within forty eight hours following the signing of the contract. Spot transactions are also associated with transactions made in the foreign country...

Factors Affecting The Growth Of Small Businesses - 1056 Words

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The employees travel to different locations in town, and currently she’s moving into a store-front where she can run her business from. Growth Strategy There are 3 major steps that are needed to make Kelly’s Sandwich Stop expand. The first step is to determine the growth stage. This step is about understanding the present stage of the growth cycle of the business. There’re are detailed requirements that must be reached in order for any business to move forward. Accessing your present resources is the second step. This step is planned to assess what you have at your disposal in order to reach your dreams. That is,Show MoreRelatedFinancial Issues Affecting Kenyatta Market Women Entrepreneurs Of Nairobi962 Words   |  4 PagesFINANCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING KENYATTA MARKET WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS OF NAIROBI, KENYA 1. Introduction i. 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Mysterious Africa Essay example - 881 Words

Africa has always been mysterious to the rest of the world. The Greeks and the Romans traded with the peoples of Northern Africa. However, they thought that the land mass went no farther south than present day Somalia. In fact, Alexander the Great even considered shipping supplies for his armies around this smaller Africa to India. This same idea continued well into the 15th and 16th centuries until it was discovered that Africa has an extremely large southern protrusion making the second largest continent in the world after Asia. These vast areas used to bring Africa wealth well into the 18th and 19th centuries, trading gold, salt, and also people. Their greatest wealth actually came from this slave trade; they wouldn’t trade their†¦show more content†¦The homeless rate is helped by this and the Arab invasion of the 800’s causing it to be shameful if one didn’t help their own family and friends. It has been this way through most of history. The percepti on that Africa suddenly got poor is totally false, the rest of the world suddenly got very rich. The rest of the world was then collectively egotistic towards the Africans. The peoples of Africa were seen as backwards for the lack of writing systems, complex societies, sewer systems, et cetera that were seen in the supposedly â€Å"civilized† countries of the planet. What the world didn’t realize was that these people had been doing perfectly fine for the last several thousand years. What they also didn’t realize is that people who don’t know they could be living better generally don’t want it, until a few have it, then all want it en masse. This caused several problems directly following the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the repercussions of which are still felt today as slowly receding echoes. In the early 19th century there was an extreme land grab, when countries started seeing Africa as a land of much wealth. 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The first and most widespread religion I am going to talk about is ChristianityRead MoreMaps And Its Impact On The Borders, Conflicts Over Territories, Citizens And Resources1587 Words   |  7 Pagescreator unlike others which are usually mysterious. By inspecting and analysing this Dutch map of Africa it can be immediately understood that this map wasn’t created by Africans or people who were residing in Africa. It looks as if this map has been drawn by a foreigner as many of the illustrations on the map give the clues. The heavy use of ships drawn on the areas of oceans that covers a good deal of the map suggests to the audience that this is the view of Africa from a maritime standpoint. Even thoughRead MoreAncient Islamic Worlds And The Medieval Period1434 Words   |  6 Pageselements of the expanding Christianity also change the way people thought about how Christianity would work with its own country. Overall modern Europe wouldn’t have been the same if it were not for the spread of Christianity during this time. In Africa, they were the most squeezed by negative trading through the Europeans and Americans use of slave trading. While a lot of the countries took their slaves or servants from their own countries or countries that they controlled at the time, the AfricanRead More Gideon’s Freedom in Doris Lessing’s No Witchcraft For Sale Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesmoved into the bush of Southern Africa and realized that they were hopelessly outnumbered, they had to develop ways to create and maintain their authority over the native population. They had tremendous advantages in the obvious areas, as author Jared Diamond writes in his Pulitzer Prize winning book: The proximate reasons behind the outcome of Africa’s collision with Europe are clear. Just as in their encounter with Native Americans, Europeans entering Africa enjoyed the triple advantage

American Civil War Blunders and Diplomatic Failures Essay

War does not determine who is right - only who is left. --Bertrand Russell In the middle of the 19th century the United States was engaged in one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of the nation known as the American Civil War. The U.S. was at war with a first time enemy known as the Confederate States of America. The southern states had succeeded from the Union and with the battle of Fort Sumter, the war had begun. Both the Union and the Confederates had one goal in mind, respectively. For the North it was to defeat the rebellious states and bring them back into the Union and for the South it was to achieve recognition as an independent country from abroad. The war lasted four years and resulted in over one million casualties†¦show more content†¦The deal of cotton in exchange for recognition had been established. Many of the southerners agreed with the idea of the King Cotton policy and the numbers certainly supported the idea. Of the 800 million pounds of cotton that was used by Great Britain in the years prior to the start of the war, 77 % of it was produced and imported from the American south. Not only did cotton play a huge part in the British economy but in the world economy as well, with around 60% of the world’s supply of cotton coming from the south. The numbers without a doubt support the idea of King Cotton but it’s the numbers themselves that ultimately lead to failure of the policy. It is true how important cotton was but the southern planters and traders made a crucial mistake. Before the Civil War southern states exported huge numbers of cotton during the late 1850’s and in 1860, this lead to markets in Western Europe having a huge overstock of the crop. This rendered the South’s tactics involving their cotton trade ineffective. Unfortunately for the South this would only be the first of setbacks concerning King Cotton. During the beginning of the Civil War famine struck much of Europe and its governments were forced to find other ways of getting food for their people. Many countries turned to the U.S. for their need. With the vast amountShow MoreRelatedAmerican Intelligence After World War II Essay2555 Words   |  11 PagesAfter World War II American intelligence had the need to be transformed. The inexperience along with bureaucracy and poor coordination among American intelligence officers obligated the United States intelligence community to change dramatically in order to confront the new challenges that emerged after the end of WWII. From Early America through WWI the intelligence system of the United States of America was involved in operations in which they had to construct intelligence systems virtually fromRead MoreThesis - Information Operations in Strategic, Operational, and Tactical Levels of War23393 Words   |  94 PagesNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS INFORMATION OPERATIONS IN STRATEGIC, OPERATIONAL, AND TACTICAL LEVELS OF WAR: A BALANCED SYSTEMATIC APPROACH by Bunyamin Tuner September 2003 Thesis Advisor: Thesis Co-Advisor: Daniel Boger Steve Iatrou Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated toRead MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 PagesTHE INTERNET the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. NAFTA created the world’s largest free market. Since its passage, The Outpost Expatriate Network commerce between the United States, Canada, and Mexico has nearly is an online information center tripled, growing twice as fast as U.S. trade with the rest of the world. There for Shell expatriates and their has been a great deal of debate about whether NAFTA has cost Americans families. Go to the Student jobs. EconomistsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesinsights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks of firms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations more than ever need to be responsive to society’s best Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310 SKILL PRACTICE 311 Exercise for Gaining Power 311 Repairing Power Failures in Management Circuits 311 Exercise for Using Influence Effectively 312 Ann Lyman’s Proposal 313 Exercises for Neutralizing Unwanted Influence Attempts 314 Cindy’s Fast Foods 314 9:00 to 7:30 315 x CONTENTS SKILL APPLICATION 317 Activities for

Child Has A Rare Genetic Disorder - 1041 Words

Iris’ eyes dilated with terror as she held her newborn. â€Å"My baby!† Iris wept. â€Å"What’s wrong with my baby?!† Shriveled skin and huge oozing blisters plagued the baby s entire body as it shrieked almost as loud as Iris wailing. I m sorry, Ms. Macadamia, but your child has developed a rare genetic disorder, --But it will go away...won t it?! My baby won t be a monster forever? Ma am your child has butterfly syndrome. I m sorry. No! My precious baby! Can t you fix it?! I d do anything! The doctors exchanged anxious glances. We could cocoon your baby...but not many babies have been cocooned yet-- Please! Please, anything! Ms. Macadamia, this process is not entirely safe and we are unsure of†¦show more content†¦She knew this was what was right. This is what her husband would want her to do. Okay Ms. Macadamia. As long as your son is in his cocoon, you may visit him, but he will not be conscious. Thank you. God bless you, Dr. Fern. One week zipped by before Iris left the hospital, dewy-eyed. The next time she d be with her boy he would be taller and heavier. He d have actual hair and longer fingers and bigger feet. But he would be cured. On her first visit a couple weeks later, she examined her child. His wounds from birth had deceptively shrank, he had been released from his protective shelter, he would have many more outbreaks. His genetic disorder would have to be completely out of his system in order to save him from an abnormal life. Good morning, Ms. Macadamia, said a doctor with porcelain skin and diamond eyes. Today I have been assigned to show you how our cocoon works. It is required that anyone participating in an experiment must understand exactly what they are doing. Iris nodded, watching her baby, comatose in his safe-haven. In this machine, his DNA will be meticulously altered so that he no longer possesses the symptoms of Epidermolysis Bullosa. Iris smiled. But you do understand, he will be five years old by the time the cocooning process is over. Yes, I would rather give him the life he deserves no matter the time it takes. Okay, Ms. Macadamia. Today is the last day that you may have anyShow MoreRelatedThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion1584 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion. The subject of abortion has become one of the most controversial issues in health care; deciding whether to abort a life or keep it. There are many ethical issues surrounding the topic. When does the fetus become a person? Is it when they grow arms and legs? Is it when there is a heartbeat? Is there an exact point, where ethically, having an abortion is wrong? There are many reasons people opt to have an abortion. 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economic Essay Example For Students

economic Essay Globalisation Economic Growth and Development and development indicators. Essay written by: Phillip MilesOutline the differences between economic growth and economic development. Discuss how economic development may be measured. Outline how globalisation may impact upon a nations development. Where appropriate make reference to a relevant case study. Although economic growth and development are similar in meaning, they have some essential differences. Economic growth refers to the increasing ability of a nation to produce more goods and services. Economic development basically implies that individuals of that nation will be better off and takes into account changes in economic and social structures that will reduce or eliminate poverty. Economic development can be measured in a number of different ways including the Human Development Index, a Gender Empowerment Measure, a Human Poverty Index and a Human Freedom Index. All of these measures were developed by the United Nations Development Program. The World Bank also has its own indicator called the World Bank Development Indicator. Globalisation can have both negative affects on a nation. It can impact on the levels of economic growth a country may experience, impact on levels of unemployment or it may impact on a countrys quality of life. Economic growth is the expansion of a co untrys productive capacity. This leads to a rise in total national output. Growth can occur in two different ways; the increased use of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial resources by using better technology or management techniques and increased productivity of existing resource use through rising labour and capital productivity. While theoretically having an increasing national output means greater material welfare and a rise in living standards, it does not equate to having higher levels of well being for individuals in that nation. Economic growth can, in fact, have negative impacts on a nation including environmental degradation and the loss of traditional cultural values. It also may mean there is greater inequality between different classes in society, that is, the gap between the rich and the poor may grow. It is for these reasons that economic development measurements are also used. Economic growth as a measure fails to account for other important social and economic factors such as the size of the black market, domestic work which is not given a financial value, the level of damage to the environment and inequalities in income distribution. Various indicators have been developed to compensate for the limitations of economic growth measurements. Rather than just measuring the economic living standards in a country, development indicators measure the welfare of individuals in that country. The main development indicator used is the Human Development Index (HDI). It was devised by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to measure the economic achievements of a nation in combining economic growth as well as social welfare. The HDI takes into account three major factors: Life expectancy at birth: High levels of longevity are critical for a countrys economic and social well being. Levels of educational attainment: The HDI measures adult literacy and the ratio of people in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Gross Domestic Product per c apita: seen as being a measurement of the ability of people to access goods and services. The HDI is essentially a score between 0 and 1. A score of 0 would mean no human development has taken place and a score of 1 is the maximum amount of human development. In 2000, the Human Development Report places Canada as the top ranked nation with a HDI of 0.935. Australia was ranked fourth, with a HDI of 0.929 behind Norway and the United States. The lowest ranked nation was Sierra Leone with a HDI of 0.252. When comparing the HDI of certain countries, the GNP per capita should also be considered. A nation with a much higher-ranking HDI than GNP per capita has had a relatively high level of economic development given their level of economic growth. Examples of this are Tajikistan (+43) and Cuba (+40). In contrast, some nations may have a higher GNP per capita ranking than their HDI ranking. This indicates that there is a very high level of inequality, that is high income levels are only enjoyed by a small proportion of the population. A country with this problem is South Africa with a GNP per capita ranking 54 places higher than their HDI ranking. The UNDP has also developed a number of other indicators. It has developed a specific Gender Development Index which compares the HDI between male and female populations, a Gender Empowerment Measure, which shows gender inequality in economic and political opportunities and a Human Poverty Index (HPI) which measures similar outcomes to the HDI, but examines the extent of disadvantage faced by people who are being deprived of human development. The HPI is adjusted for developing and developed countries. In 1991, the UNDP developed a one off indicator called the Human Freedom Index (HFI). This included such things as the right to travel in ones own country, the right to teach ideas and receive information, the right to have an ethnic language, the freedom from forced or child labour, the freedom from compulsory work permits, the freedom from censorship, the freedom for political, legal, social and economic equality for women, social and economic equality for ethnic minorities and the existence of independent trade unions. The UNDP discontinued this measurement as it was based on subjective facts and would not be a consistent measurement from year to year. The World Bank Developed its own indicator called the World Bank Development Indicator (WBDI). This was made to supplement the Human Development Index. The WBDI mainly measures the quality of life, the success of measures to alleviate poverty, the current account balance, malnutrition, traffic congestion, tax rates, life expectancy, population size, educational standards such as literacy and infant mortality. Another smaller economic development indicator is one developed by economists, James Tobin and William Nordhaus called the Measurement of Economic Welfare. This index takes into account real GNP per capita plus the value of a familys work. It also takes into account the balance of hours spent in leisure and work, pollution levels and th e rate of environmental damage. Globalisation can impact a nation in a variety of ways. A positive effect of globalisation for many nations is that it allows for them to achieve higher levels of economic growth. With higher levels of trade, world output will increase which inturn should mean higher levels of economic growth followed by increased standards of living. This has been particularly true for rapidly developing economies such as Thailand, Malaysia, Korea and Singapore. They have seen phenomenal growth figures throughout the nineties, although many were sent back to recession in 1997 after the Asia crisis. However, nations which had been struggling with achieving sustainable growth and standards of living, may have been further negatively affected by globalisation. With countries such as Africa opening up their markets, they have been inundated with imports, but at the same time unable to sell their exports. This equates to lower levels of growth for these countries and lowe r standards of living. Globalisation has also affected unemployment rates. It has created millions of jobs throughout the world. Twenty-seven million jobs worldwide are now related to exportation. Even with these jobs being created, unemployment is still a major problem for most countries. With increased competition from transnational corporations, domestic employers must remain competitive and to do this they seek improved efficiency. This may mean reducing the amount of staff they have. Also, globalisation has meant that new technologies have been developed to improve efficiency. When new technology is implemented it generally means some jobs are made redundant. Another reason domestic unemployment may rise because of globalisation is that free trade has made many sectors of the domestic market uncompetitive with the global market. An example of this is the European Union, which have subsidised their beef exports. This has meant cattle farmers in Kenya have been unable to compete and have been removed from the market. Rates of inflation can also be affected with increased globalisation. A country with a high rate of inflation will be less competitive globally because their products will be priced higher than others, so they are less competitive. Governments around the world use monetary policy to control the rate of inflation for this reason. If a country is unable to maintain low levels of inflation then its export sector is at high risk of collapsing. Globalisation also impacts the quality of life for nations. It seems that the poor keep getting poorer. When countries open themselves up to international competition governments must apply economic rationalist principles. They may cut government spending in essential areas such as health, welfare and education thus reducing the quality of life in this nation. Also, countries with minimal government regulation often attract large transnational companies. This could result in the exploitation of the workers an d the environment in countries where quality of life may already be low. Poland is a country, which has opened itself up to the global economy. It became a free market in 1990 and since has made strong progress. Although in the very early nineties Poland experienced a sharp decline in GDP, it has since resumed steady growth. In 1999 its GDP growth was 4.1%. The private sector now accounts for over 55% of the total GDP. In early 1990, Poland was experiencing hyper-inflation with levels of up to 1200%. In 1999 the inflation rate was lowered to 7.3%, which although is still high by developed world standards, is slowly dropping. Also in the early nineties, Poland had huge unemployment rates with most sectors at around 30%. This has now been lowered to 13%, which again is high by developed nations standards but is a lot less than the rates experienced early in the decade. Essentially, the difference between economic growth and economic development is that one is a quantitative measure (g rowth) and the other is a qualitative measure (development). Economic development can be measured using a variety of indicators, mostly developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), though another widely used indicator was developed by the World Bank. Globalisation can have many affects on nations, depending on their government policies and also on their economic status.