A column Kahn

It was an event so delightful and so thought-wonderful that from it almost all our life in architecture stems. The arch, the vault and the dome mark equally evocative times when they knew what to do from how to do it and how to do it from what to do. Today these form and space phenomena are as good as they were yesterday and will always be good because they proved to be true to order and in time revealed their inherent beauty. In the architecture of stone the single stone became greater than the quarry. Stone and architectural order were one.A column when it is used should be still regardedas a great event in the making of What a column is in steel or concrete is not yet felt as a part of us. It must be differentfrom stone. Stone we know and feel its beauty. Materialwe now use in architecturewe know only for its superiorstrengthbut not for its meaningfulform. Concrete and steel must become greaterthan the engineer. The expected wondersin concrete and steel confront us. We know from t he spirit of architecturethat their characteristics must be in harmonywith the spaces that want to be and evoke what spaces can be.Forms and spaces today have not found their position in order though the ways of making things are new and resourceful. A space in architectureshows how it is made. The column or wall defines its length and breadth;the beam or vault its height. Nothing must intrude to blur the statement of how a space is made. The forms characterizing the great eras of architecture present themselves and tempt us to adapt them to concrete and steel. The solid stones become thinner and eye deceiving devices are found to hide the unwanted but inevitable services.Columns and beams omogenized with the partitions and ceiling tile concealing hangers, conduits, pipes and ducts deform the image of how a space is made or served and therefore presents no reflection of order and meaningful form. We are still imitating the architecture of solid stones. Building elements of solids an d voids are inherent in steel and concrete. These voids are in time with the service needs of spaces. This characteristic combined with space needs suggest new forms. One quality of a space is measured by its temperature by its light and by its ring.The intrusionof mechanicalspace needs can push forward and obscure form in tructure. Integrationis the way of nature. We can learn from nature. How a space is served with light air and quiet must be embodied in the space order concept which provides for the harbouring of these services. The nature of space is further characterized by the minor spaces that serve it. Storage-rooms, service-rooms and cubicals must not be partitioned areas of a single space structure, they must be given their own structure.The space order concept must extend beyond the harbouring of the mechanical services and include the â€Å"servant spaces† aJoining the spaces served. This will give meaningfulform to the hierarchyof spaces. Long ago they built with solid stones Today we must build with â€Å"hollow stones†. with a book goes to the light. A librarybegins that way. He will not go fifty feet away to an electric light. The carrellis the niche which could be the beginningof the space order and its structure. In a librarythe column always begins in light. Unnamed,the space made by the column structureevokes its use as a carrell.A man who reads in seminarwill look for the light but the light is somewhatsecondary. The readingroom is impersonal. t is the meeting in silence of the readersand their books. The large space, the small spaces, the unnamedspaces and the spaces that serve. The way they are formed with respect to light is the problemof all buildings. This one startswith a man who wants to read a book. Dedication Ritual is the chapel A chapel ofa university Ritual is inspired Dedication is personal Inspiredby a great teacher the fortunateyoung man winks to the chapel as he passes. He feels dedicationand performshis own r itual.He was there though he never opened its door. The rally centersthere and inspiresits own ritual. A man is honored there. Dedication is its essence. When I first came to Pisa I went straight in the direction of the Piazza. Nearing it and seeing a distant glimpse of the Tower filled me so that I stopped short to enter a shop where I bought an ill fitting English Jacket. Not daring to enter the Piazza I diverted to other streets toward it but never allowing myself to arrive. The next day I went straight for the Tower touched its marble and that of the Duomo and Baptistery. The next day I boldly entered the buildings.So it is with a universitychapel. Possibly a space protectedby an ambulatoryenteredfrom an arcade in a dimensionedgarden. near and don't enter and those who go in. House A house Home In a certain space it is good to sleep. In anotherit is good to dine or be with others. The serving spaces and the free spaces combine and are placed to the gardenor to the streetto sugge sttheir use. House implies a place good also for another. lt is that quality which is closer to architecture. It reflectsa way of life. It does not make small spaces for small people. Spaces transcend function. A House is more specific. Louis Kahn

Economic Problems in Brazil

Aphrodite was the goddess of love, beauty and sexuality, she was often naked The Romans called her Venus, because of her beauty. Aphrodite was born of the foam sea when cronus cut of Uranus gentiles and threw them into the sea, Aphrodite lived on Mount Olympus with the other supreme deities. In which she married a homely craft man god named Hephaestus, her parents where Uranus or Zeus and Dione, she hardly where clothes and she cause the Trojan War.Aphrodite thinks noting but love and her work is pleasure, often Aphrodite would have in affairs with other guys. When the hero Peleus was married to the sea-nymph Thetis, all the gods were invited to the ceremony, but one god. So she got a golden apple and rolled it to the three gods who were sitting down and on that golden apple it had a note saying â€Å" For the fairest† the three gods began to fight over the apple so they go up to Zeus to tell him pick which of them is the most beautiful one.Zeus had a hard time choosing who, s ince all three of them were dear to him so he let the handsome youth god the Trojan Prince Paris choose. The goddess where bribing him except for Aphrodite was trying to seduced him, telling him â€Å"I will give you the most beautiful god†, so he think about it and he go’s with Aphrodite’s bet.

Methods used by Transportation Safety Administration Term Paper

Methods used by Transportation Safety Administration - Term Paper Example The body ensures that the nation’s transport systems are secure through use of sophisticated technologies like bottled liquid scanner, Biometrics, Credential Authentication Technology, explosive trace detection explosive detection system and threat image projection. Secure Flight Plan is another security measure by TSA where airline passengers’ information is compared to that in the governments watch list. In order to prove the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of these programs, TSA carried out a basic training program, which revealed that a good number of these technologies are efficient, though a few are ineffectual. Explosive Detection System is one of the programs introduced by TSA to ensure security in air travel. EDS is used to screen bags in order to detect any explosive. Using the Explosive Detective machine the system can capture the image of a bag that contains an item that is a potential threat. If more screening is needed for such a bag, it is directed to the resolution room where the bag is thoroughly inspected by the security officers before it is redirected to the system (TSA, 2014). If cleared, the bag is directed to the aircraft. However, if the officers are not able to detect the alarm they can call upon the bomb squad. When this screening is used together with baggage system that is automated, there is improved security and increased efficiency. Explosive Detective System is effective for identifying threat items, which should be subjected to further screening without the screener interpreting the message. Although, the screeners who are able to interpret EDS should be cautious not to trigger the explosion when the luggage is taken for further screening Explosive Trace Detection is the second program in TSA’s list of technologies for combating insecurity. This technology is used to screen passengers and their baggage to detect if there are any traces of explosives. In this

RF Burns - causes and prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

RF Burns - causes and prevention - Assignment Example This study is being carried out in order to establish guidelines in the use and application of radiofrequency, mostly in terms of its safety and prevention of injuries. Body Causes 1. Heating of implants An RF pulse would often be transmitted by the MRI to stimulate protons through energy exchange. The pulse is an electromagnetic wave coming from the RF coils (Lin, 2008). RF power during MR scans are changed into heat within the tissue of the patient due to resistive losses (Eising et.al., 2010). This absorption of energy is specifically considered the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). The specific effects of heating during MR scanning and burns usually refer to conductive implants and normal tissue. Most studies discuss the impact of conductive wires, including pacemaker cables, ECG cables, and metallic stents (Eising et.al., 2010). Issues in the use of aneurysm clips in the brain, cochlear implants, implanted spinal cord stimulator, metallic implants, and metal fragments in one or bo th eyes can also cause burns (Premier Diagnostic Center, n.d). Based on an experimental study by Nakamura et al. (2001), 55-235 volts could be induced with the RF irradiation in a metallic loop placed inside the bore of a 0.5-T scanner. A resistor which was inserted sparked and then burned out (Nakamura et al., 2001). This was seen only with the axis of loops being parallel to the linearly polarized transmitting field. For cables, heatings at 20 degrees Celsius, 26 Celsius, and 63.5 Celsius have been assessed. Assessments indicate that the heating of the ECG cable is known to cause fire. Small implants can lead to issues with the heating of skin seen in tattooed patients caused by the heating of metallic elements of the ink used for the tattoo (Klitscher et al., 2010). Implants (Wills.com, n.d.) Some reports on excessive heating or burns have also been seen for iron-based oxide tattoos and transdermal patches added with metal elements; these patches may include testosterone, nicotin e, and clonidine patches (Tope and Shellock, 2002). Tattoos using ferromagnetic compounds can cause react to the MRI machine (Ross and Metava, 2011). In general, the image would somehow appear distorted following the MRI; however, the injuries usually represent burns on the patient’s skin. As such, any redness or apparent injury on the skin has to be managed medically (Ross and Matava, 2011). As seen in the image below, the ferromagnetic compounds of the tattoo caused the RF burns, mostly manifesting as burns and redness on the patient’s skin on the site of the tattoo. Tattoo with ferromagnetic compounds following MRI (Melina, 2010) Currents may be triggered by two fields. The first is the pulsed magnetic-gradient field, and the second being the pulsed radiofrequency field (Jacob et al., 2010). These two fields increase their intensity over time and may eventually cause an electromotive force through a conductive loop. Heating will then come about from the current orig inating from the loop; with the amount of heating based on the resistance in the conductive processes (Dempsey and Condon, 2001). The pulsed magnetic field is triggered by a large coil which encompasses the coils and is often found near the patient to be scanned. The issue of excessive heating is based on the distance of the RF coil to the patient,

Patients as Health Care Consumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Patients as Health Care Consumers - Essay Example Like a consumer who makes decisions on whether to buy a commodity or not in a given store, so is a health care consumer who can be influenced by advertisements and marketing. Health care consumers include patients in any hospital setting, a client in a mental health centre within any given community, or it can also be any person who is a member to any organization providing prepaid health care services and maintain (Ryan et al 2009:78). At any given time that a person decides to visit a health facility for any kind of health or medical attention, she or he makes the decision of doing so as a health care consumer. Through health care consumerism, the conservative government is deemed to have introduced monetary structures of Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and Community Care Act both of which had their aims inclined to increasing competition as well as shift in NHS’ culture. This was in regard to concerns of minding patients as health care consumers and it involv ed shift from a culture that was established through decisions and preferences to a culture that was determined by health care users’ wishes and views. ... e government introduced overall management in NHS in the year 1983 at various levels of service so as to research on the needs of patients alongside their views regarding quality of health care. Following these and other essential considerations, consumer driven health care has been on the rise based on the need to get health care consumers satisfied being that they form the basis of health care industry by purchasing health care services and products (Natalier and Willis 2008:407). This paper attempts to look into issues regarding the view that patients are consumers of health care services. Mechanisms for Consumerism in Health Care There are some mechanisms for consumerism in health care which have continually been exhibited in as much as health care consumerism has been embraced. One of the mechanisms is Patient Charter which is actually a document of the United Kingdom’s government with a layout of rights for NHS patients. This charter has been into force since its incepti on in the year 1992 through Conservative government but had been revised in the years 1995 and 1997. According to Adeoye and Bozic (2007:97), â€Å"the charter sets out rights in service areas including  general practice, hospital treatment, community treatment, ambulance, dental, optical, pharmaceutical and maternity. However, various stakeholders have criticized the charter for reasons widely ranging from not offering sufficient support to trans-gender patients  to increasing attacks on hospital staff†. Amid the issues, the charter has been meant to be legally binding as far as health care consumerism is concerned. Another mechanism for health care consumerism is Choose and Book approach which has been applied since the year 2005. This is an electronic booking software system cum application

Accounting Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Accounting Theory - Essay Example Laan (2009) argues that the two theories namely Stakeholder and Legitimacy, derived from the broader political economy perspective, broadly explain motivations for social disclosures. The paper aims at exploring whether the main motivation to corporations for social and environmental reporting is to enhance their corporate image and credibility with stakeholders. While a few decades back, corporations sole aim remained enhancing shareholder value in financial terms and report them as per the statutory norms, organisations have now moved beyond traditional financial reporting of their performance to its stakeholders. Currently, stakeholders group not merely constitute shareholders, employees, suppliers, creditors, customers but they also include society, community and all those who are affected by the operations of the organization. Corporate social reporting thus, has occupied a wider perspective. Stakeholder theory prescribes that all stakeholders including primary and secondary have the right to expect fair treatment from an organisation. That is to say management needs to manage the corporation such that interests of all stakeholders are secured. Community or Society at large may not be directly engaged in transactions with the corporation yet they are influenced and affected by the activities of corporations such as emission levels, waste water creation and its treatment, impact on ecology or surroundings and so on. Ethical branch of stakeholder theory also necessitates that community and society not only have a right to know how they are affected or impacted in the long run from the activities of corporations but also they expect that they must be treated fairly by corporation. At the same time, managerial branch of stakeholder theory explains that organisations prefer to provide social and environmental reporting when they believe that it is in their

Popular culture 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Popular culture 3 - Assignment Example To me, the movie is unsuitable for children because if I were to watch it as a child, I would feel scared. There are a few scary scenes and ideologies. For instance, the action of the movie spans the theme of witchcraft. The baby was born out of witchcraft and the fact that Rosemary learns that his son was the spawn of Satan. According to me, such an event is unfortunate for all children considerably because their parents can choose to raise them in the manner that pleases them. It is perhaps for the fact that children do not have the ability of choosing what they want that makes parents misuse them. It makes me have a feeling that if I were to a child again, I would question my parents a lot about their relationship. The reason for such is the fact that the film portrays that the baby was not born out of love. The impression of its conception was rape, which is a confirmation that the baby was an outcast. Therefore, my queries would concern if my parents loved and cared for me while I was a baby. There are restrained relationships in the film, which enhance the theme of evil in its competition for virtues. The movie depicts much of the sociopolitical child-raising environments of the time. There is a considerable effect that the film creates concerning why parents want to have children (Schur 373). For instance, there is the impression that some of the parents wanted to have kids because of material gain. They therefore did not have much concern about the manner in which the babies would grow up. The desire for wealth using false means is one of the contributors to the successful depiction of witchcraft in the movie. A trick in the film resulted in Rosemary falling a victim of satanic forces through the influence of a former Satanist, Steven Marcato. In conclusion, the fiction in the plot of the movie serves as a way of suggesting that what children of the generation X grow to become depends

Summary of the six main charcters in the poisonwood bible Essay

Summary of the six main charcters in the poisonwood bible - Essay Example He refused to let his family migrate from Kilanga at a time when whites were facing persecutions, putting the family through fear of persecution and psychological torture. She is wife to Nathan. She is protective. Her detailed actions include ensuring that the family is safe from harm, both from illnesses or hostilities. By being protective, she appears to put the interests of her family before her own. She is also realistic. Despite not having accomplished their mission in the Congo, she assessed the situation rightly and recognized the danger that their being there posed. She responded by requesting her husband to return with the family to Mississippi, a request that he severally denied. She is also cognizant of the misgivings of her husband’s mission and the missions of other whites in the Congo. She is the eldest daughter of Nathan and Orleanna. She is truculent by character. She confronted the request to marry Tata Ndu the chief by throwing a fit. She is also depicted as being selfish. She is involved in a relationship with a mercenary whose intentions are clear to her – overthrow the government to gain access to resources. She continued her relationship with Axelroot despite knowing his evil role, so her family could move from the Congo. She is also daughter to Nathan. She is shown as a tolerant individual. Despite her racial background and interactions with white suitors, she chose to marry Anatole, the black teacher. She is realistic. Leah is able to recognize the fact that political, economic and racial injustices are occurring in the Congo, and remains sensitive to them. She is twins with Leah, and unwilling to speak. She is intelligent. She participated in high-level research on deadly diseases, including ebola and AIDS. She initially suffers an inferiority complex. In the beginning, before she could recover from her handicap, she feels

Canadas Sovereignty and Its Dependence on US Markets Essay

Canadas Sovereignty and Its Dependence on US Markets - Essay Example But there are number of exceptions in WTO which allow trade restrictions to continue including: Anti-dumping duties to offset countries/companies selling unfairly at a low Price. Countervailing duties to offset government subsidies Emergency trade restrictions designed to "safeguard" domestic industries. In May 1992 DOC ruled that both Canadian stumpages and log export restraints (LER) in British Columbia1 represented countervailable subsidies and set the countervailing duty (CVD) at 6.51% i.e., 2.91% for stumpage and 3.6% for LER (Hoberg, Howe, p.4).In September 1993 DOC ruled again that both stumpage rates and LER conferred subsidies and increased CVD to 11.54% based on adjustments on certain technical calculations.Both the governments signed the Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) that came into effect from April 1, 1996 to March 31, 2001 (Ragosta and Clark, 2000). According to this agreement an export fee of $50 per thousand board feet (MBF) on softwood lumber exports in excess of 14.7 billion board feet (BBF), $100/MBF on exports in excess of 15.35 BBF (Howard, 2000). It seemed all right with the settlement but behind the scene both the governments were not satisfied. After the expiration of SLA Bush government imposed 12.58% anti-dumping duty (ADD) in October 2001 (Ying, Baek, 2002). Canadian government decided to take the legal and political battle with the US. The US side is represented by Coalition for Fair Canadian Lumber Imports (CFCLI). In Canada two associations, British Columbia Lumber Trade Council (BCLTC) and Free Trade Lumber Council (FTLC) decided to fight the legal battle with the... As the discussion stresses political sovereignty means protecting the country’s political and diplomatic rights by taking appropriate decisions in the country’s best interests. The softwood lumber dispute between Canada and the US is a test to the Canadian sovereignty. From decades Canadian industries were dependent on the US market. Most of the Canada’s products were exported to the US markets. The US also depends on Canada for oil and natural gas. This paper declares that Canadian industries were very much dependent on the US markets in case of export of softwood lumber. This reliance on US markets of Canadian industries is becoming a biggest threat to Canadian sovereignty. The reason for the above condition is Canada is heavily dependent on US. Thus Canada is becoming vulnerable to trade actions taken by the US industry. Due to this dependency US made the laws that will result in their favor. To solve export of softwood lumber dispute both the countries formed binational panels. In this panel half of them represents the US and the remaining half represents Canada. There would be no creation or application of new laws, but apply the importing country’s law. Here the importing country is the US. The trade actions taken by the US predated Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUSTA). Under the influence of these actions by the US softwood lumber industry and US federal government the price on crown timber was decided. Though th e decision of this dispute went in favor of Canada, it was overpowered by legislative changes in the US.

American Memory of Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Memory of Holocaust - Essay Example In the first decades after the war, Holocaust was quite trivial in both the American and the Jews consciousness (Novick, 1994). Many scholars suggest that the Holocaust awareness by most Americans was based on inaccurate, trivial, and vague representations. The Jews extermination was remembered in important ways such as through the Nuremberg trials, Second World War accounts, comparisons with the Soviet totalitarianism, philosophical works, Jewish and Christian reflections in theology, mass-media portrayals, and scholarly pioneering publications. These attempts in the postwar period to understand the Jewish tragedy in the prevailing cultural paradigms offered the foundation for the consequent comprehension of that event (Baron, 2003). In the late 1960s and 1970s, American memory of the Holocaust moved to a central position. The curve of memory slope may differ, but it is not steadily downward. The most vivid memory is the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust events that declined with the passage of time. With the Holocaust, it has been apparent social amnesia, virtual silence for an entire generation, then, the Rostovian move into self-sustained growth in the late 1960s and 1970s. For close to 20 years after the Second World War, Holocaust was largely ignored, and today, it is elaborated in the repression language. The Gentile guilt and the Jewish agony were too huge to be confronted. The very silence is often viewed as a testimony of the amount of feeling/sentiment that was being repressed (Novick, 1994). It is important to note that Holocaust became important in the American Jewish life â€Å"only after the Eichmann trial, Israel’s 1967 triumph in the Six-Day War, and the surprise attack by Egypt and costly victory by Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War† (Baron, 2003, p62). 3.B. The comic book â€Å"Maus: A Survivor’s Tale (1986)† subtitled as â€Å"My Father Bleeds History† was written by Spiegelman. The comic book narrates two stories; one story is about Artie’s current relationship with Vladek (his father) in Queens, New York. The other story is about the experiences of his parents during the occupation of Nazi in Poland. The text is preoccupied by the question of how Artie (or any other individual in the second generation) can come to possess their parents’ experiences, experiences they never witnessed. Towards the culmination of the first volume, Vladek and Artie are walking when Vladek bends over a trash container and takes an old piece of wire (Landsberg, 1997). Artie asks Vladek why he picked up the wire, Vladek responds by saying that inside the wire are other little wires, and they are good for trying things. Infuriated, Arties asks his father why he always picks up trash and why he cannot buy his own wires. Vladek responds by saying that why one has to buy if he can find some, and that the wires cannot be found in stores. He goes on to tell him that the wires he has picked are very useful. This scene involving Artie and Vladek functions as the metaphor for what the text itself does. The wire recirculation becomes an allegory for the Holocaust recirculation through a different medium. In this case, the recirculation is done by a comic book and this indicates that when the narrative is put into a different medium, new possibilities, and new insights appear (Landsberg, 1997). In this representation, the main theme is recirculation of the Holocaust. The recirculation of the wire serves as a metaphor for the potential value of the Holocaust in the American nation. It becomes a means

Energy Sources Of The Future Essay Example for Free

Energy Sources Of The Future Essay Since Industrial Revolution, the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of power for their extensive use in industries, vehicles and in various scientific discoveries. This is continuing till today especially as some of the energy sources are being used up, but the needs of the current power are on the increase whereas the different sources of the planet continue to deplete. Notwithstanding electricity being generated in the power plants is making extensive use of the fossil fuels. The way human is interfering in the natural process for meeting his varied needs is causing the depletion of the fossil fuels at 50 million times more at the rate, which it is being formed. Coal, Oil and Natural gas are the three forms of energy found very near to the surface of the earth. Coal as a source of energy is being extensively used in United States. Oil is another major source of fossil fuel getting extracted every year in the form of petroleum like gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oils, and fuel oils to be used in vehicles. Another form is Natural gas mainly being used is methane and is highly inflammable. All over the world scientists are declaring non renewable form of sources as scarce with the continuous search for the alternative renewable sources of energy like wind, air, sun power, heat etc. These forms of energy sources can be replenished continuously. Renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biomass etc. are dependent on the solar energy directly or indirectly while on the other hand hydroelectric power is not essentially a renewable source of power because in case it is used in the large scale projects, it can result in ecological damage and irreversible consequences. (Farret Simoes, 2006) In 1991, a national wind resource wind inventory by the United States Department of Energy found that three states of the United States, North Dakota, Kansas and Texas have enough of the wind energy to meet the electricity needs of the whole nation. It was found that wind has much greater capacity to produce electricity than any other form of energy would produce. Much of the advancement made in the designs of the wind turbine since 1991 enabled the turbines to operate at lower wind speeds for harnessing more of the wind energy and for harvesting it at much greater heights. Comparatively very large share of the land area can be utilized for generating wind in very scarce populated wind rich areas like Patagonian region of Argentina, Great Plains of North America, Northwest China, and eastern Siberia. In 2002, it was found that it has comparatively higher rate of generating capacity of around 31, 100 megawatts (electricity forum. com) and is increasing continuously satisfying the needs of 40 million Europeans. Utilization of the wind is cheap, conducive to the environment, available in plenty and best renewable source of power. (Associated Press, 2008) Another form of alternative source of energy being experimented on a large scale is the power of sun. Though rate of solar power striking earth is in a very small fraction yet it provides around 10000 times of total commercial energy used by humans on planet. Solar power is an attractive dominant long-term alternative sustainable source of energy. The benefits are manifold- its availability is limitless, environmental friendly, and can be transmitted to earth from sun without any cost. (National Academy of Engineering, Online) Solar panels constitute most common means for tapping solar energy. Sunlight is converted to electricity through the use of solar cells photovoltaics. No doubt solar panels are used for capturing light energy, scientists are still working for improving methods of harvesting sun’s energy. Stephen Maldonado and his team of Michigan University are working upon the designing those systems that can be used for converting solar energy into chemical bond energy, which in turn can be used for producing electricity. The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it cannot be stored for long period and has to be consumed immediately. To overcome this limitation, they are using plants as model because plants are able to convert solar energy into chemical bond energy for producing chemical fuels so they are hoping to devise that system which is able to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds for long periods of time. (Steinberg, 2009) Geothermal form of energy may not be as conducive as far as its effects are concerned as compared to solar or wind, but it is also best renewable source of energy for the next generation and is one of the most cheaper forms of energy producing 50 times less quantity of CO2, nitric oxide, and sulfur emissions than other conventional use of fossil fuel power plants with other benefit being not requiring power storage. Geothermal energy is limitless and inexhaustible and â€Å"Geothermal power plants run at 89 to 97 percent uptime, in contrast to 75 to 90 percent uptime being offered from coal and nuclear. † (triplepundit, 2009) There is no doubt of the fact that our future lies in tapping nuclear power responsible for extricating 16 per cent of the world’s electric power. There are around 442 nuclear plants which are under operation in 30 countries with most of them operating in Western Europe and North America. Nuclear power creates no impact on global warming, as their emission level of greenhouse gases is virtually nil. From the uranium mining process to waste disposal including reactor and construction, in the whole of nuclear chain emanates only 2-6 grams of carbon per kilowatt-hour. This is very similar to the wind and solar power. It is a fact that if all over the world 440 nuclear power plants had to be closed down and in place are used the mix of non-nuclear sources, there would be an increase of 600 million tones of carbon every year. Though the nuclear plant is costly affair but it is more feasible if its long terms benefits are seen. (The International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004) Among the other sources of energy Algae is being rendered as an important alternative source of energy to biofuels on account of its higher level of energy contents, and yield per acre and its capacity to grow best in water. Its capacity to grow in water is quite huge. As per U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), algae have a potential capacity for producing 100 times more oil per acre than soybeans. Due it’s a higher content level, oil from algae can get refined into biodiesel, green gasoline, jet fuel or ethanol. Moreover, algae require only water, sunlight and CO2 for its growth. (Donovan Stowe, 2009) Looking at the benefits of the several alternative sources of energy, along with their cost effectiveness and the non pollutant properties, the need of the hour is to put an end to the use of the conventional source of energy and make use of the most cost effective alternative sources of energy. The innovative and technologically advanced use of the gift of nature will create an environment of the fresh air with more comforts for the whole human race. Reference List Associated Press. 2008. Wind energy could fuel future power needs. Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W.W. W. : http://www. electricityforum. com/news/aug03/windenergy. html Donovan, J. Stowe, N. (2009). Is the Future of Biofuels in Algae? Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W. W. W. : http://www. renewableenergyworld. com/rea/news/article/2009/06/is-the-future-of-biofuels-in-algae? cmpid=rss Farret, F. A. Simoes, M. G. (2006). Integration of alternative sources of energy. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. National Academy of Engineering. 2008. Make solar energy economical. Retrieved on June 14, 2009 from W. W. W. : http://www. engineeringchallenges. org/cms/8996/9082. aspx/

History of American Education

History of American Education The twentieth century is a century in which major events such as The Great Depression, rights for minority, two world war and rise and fall of radical politics that which shapes a better American society in the present day. One of the advancements that made modern American today would be education and life in American universities. Historian Frederick Rudolph wrote a comprehensive history of American higher education that became one of the standard in the field and published the book titled The American college and Universities. It describes how American education system had shaped over the twentieth century. It explores a wide range of issue from education curriculum, how institutions finance in activities and programs to the education of immigrants, blacks and women. ÂÂ  During twentieth century, American especially teenagers from all walks of life had a one question in mind when comes to the idea of university in the United States which was, What should the American university be? [1]The university idea was a configuration which was far more complex than it seems, it involves financial resources, a wide range of agencies, public and private sectors to shape it. The book mentioned the complexities of college life due to events happening in America and the rise of college athletics. It gave a narrative review from historical bibliography on American college and the author Frederick Rudolphs own perspective on development of higher education in United States. The topic of education in America gave a huge and serious debate to improve to encourage a cohesive environment for all. The author questioned on the consequences have in American college and universities that have developed. He writes as a national educator historian, and he aware of how federal and state policies including religious differences effects on the intitutions.2 From the class material, progressive thinker such as John Dewey mentioned that a comprehensive system of education was important for a democracy nation to be successful. Progressives thinkers believed that it was a necessity for compulsory education and they worked hard to improve and expand education at all levels. These reformers reform numerous aspects of education such as standardization of testing, avoid corporal punishment and emphasized on equal education standard for both genders. They transformed education to be a driving force in modernizing the society and create great leaders regardless of race and gender. College was early recognized as an agency for economic and social mobility for the young adult. It coincides with the beginnings of feminism which one of the main goal was to give equal rights to education for women in United States. The higher education of women was a success. By 1950, there were about half a million women in the college as compared to a mere less than 100,000 back in 1900. It also gave the women to understand and exercise their social responsibilities and importance of voting. A study in 1935 had shown that 62% of women graduated from college voted as compared to less than 50% of women who did not attend higher education. Women were encouraging to take electives that are deemed feminine such as teaching or home economics.[3] However, there were still negative thoughts of women in higher education. An example will be Dean Briggs of Harvard, which he suggested that the movement for collegiate education for women may cause danger in intellectual unrest and deemed wome n will lost their role as a housewives or mother in later life due to high accomplishments. The employment rate of women significant increases with more women got higher education.[4 ]The author did not discuss during the Great Depression period of women education when fathers and husbands resented their wives and daughters to take over breadwinning roles which may be an effect from women getting higher education. From the class material, due to high unemployment rates among the men during Great Depression, there were states laws that which causes 10 million women to be fired from the job and Social Security pension system exclude certain female dominated occupations. This may cause a decline in women enrolled to higher education due to setback and little opportunity to advance during the Great Depression. The higher education main idea during twentieth century for the education of women will be established a college where the dignity of faculties and charm of the highest literary c ulture may be acquired by women without loss to womens crowning glory of grace and gentleness.[5] During the 1920s, American college and universities had discovered something that students cared about passionately due to the rise of American football. To satisfy the students, universities build foot field house that is big enough to handle a football game and creating banners and motto for the football team.[6] It was also a solution to integrate ethnic minorities into a game to ease racial tension. Not only that, football drew a huge enthusiasm among the ladies to support their team as compared to intercollegiate baseball. Inclusive of ethnic minorities into a college team will help in progress of race relation. The author continuing mentioning on how each university fund the American football and the enthusiasm of the ladies comparing American football to gladiators.[7] From the class material, Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play baseball in major leagues since 19th century, resulting numerous ethnic minorities to follow the footstep of Robinson. However, they faced obstacles, such as off-field discrimination and often will not be chosen to play for major matches. Education played a huge role in American society during the mid-twentieth century. After Word War 2, population in United States dramatically increased with a baby boom. In 1944, the American Congress passed the GI bill which provides subsidies for veterans to attend colleges and universities. Millions of veterans took advantage of the opportunity resulting in drastically increased in number of people in college. This resulted in higher education to experience a huge increase in enrollment of students and graduates in the1950s. Frederick Rudolphs bibliography had given me an understand of American higher education from nineteenth century till the twentieth century and how university such as Harvard, Yale or Michigan finance their institute, their policies and the development of curriculum to the ethnic minorities and women and rise of sports in the college. This book gave information of the beginnings of education, complications the higher education institutions had faced and how the how higher education institutions overcome it, be carefully documented using numerous secondary blogography. By narrowing down to history of American education, it really gave a brief idea of how the periods in twentieth century affects the college and university policies and complexities of the students. It could be better categorizing chronological by year and the events happening around United States, to show how America higher education had progress over the years. It will help readers to better understand the progress and materials of the book.ÂÂ   The materials will be better if there were demographic and statistical analyses to connect education history to the social history of America, such as how The Great Depression causes women to lose its employment and education rights. Given the fact that this book was based on numerous secondary bibliographic with inordinate reliance of institutional histories, the author did a splendid work in convincing the readers in important historical perspective on the development of colleges and universities in United States. The author minimizes biasness, cross referencing numerous sources and summarizing history of American higher education in great details. [1] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.357-58. 2 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.368. [3] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.310-11. [4 ]4 RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.325. [5] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.328. [6] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.374 [7] RUDOLPH, FREDERICK, and JOHN R. THELIN. The American College and University: A History. University of Georgia Press, 1990, p.391.

The effects of positive illusions on relationship quality

The effects of positive illusions on relationship quality A general presumption in the study of interpersonal relationships is that closeness is a significant, desired, and necessary characteristic of relationship satisfaction (Berscheid, Snyder, Omoto, 1989). According to Berscheid et al. (1989) partners physical proximity is a requirement for closeness and relationship satisfaction. However there is mixed evidence regarding reported levels of satisfaction in relationships where partners are physically separate (i.e. long distance romantic relationships, LDRRs). Because partners in LDRRs presumably have less face-to-face (FtF) interaction than partners in close proximal romantic relationships (CPRRs), the literature infers that partners in LDRRs should report lower levels of satisfaction than partners in CPRRs. Indeed, some research suggests that partners in LDRRs report lower levels of satisfaction than partners in CPRRs (Van Horn, Arnone, Nesbitt, Desilets, Sears, Giffin, Brudi, 1997). Counterintuitively, Guldner and Swenson (1995) fou nd no differences in levels of satisfaction, intimacy and trust between LDRRs and CPRRs. Limited amounts of research addresses these divergent findings with regards to relationship quality measures (i.e. satisfaction, optimism, intimacy) in LDRRs and CPRRs. The present research suggests that positive illusions, defined broadly as motivated cognitive construal processes, help to elucidate these conflicting findings. Recent research shows that positive illusions are more apparent in LDRRs than in CPRRs (Stafford Merolla, 2007). Because Murray, Holmes, and Griffin (1996a) propose that positive illusions decrease relational uncertainty, the present study suggests that partners in LDRRs use positive illusions more than partners in CDRRs because their lack of FtF interaction heightens relationship uncertainty. Positive Illusions According to Murray, Holmes, and Griffin (1996b pp), positive illusions are qualities that people see in their partners that their partners do not see in themselves. They are the result of motivated cognitive processes whereby people exaggerate the qualities and traits of their partner and understate their weaknesses in the face of relationship doubt and uncertainty (Murray et al. 1996a). Murray, Holmes, and Griffin (1996a) argue that people develop positive illusions of their romantic partners organically through the development of their relationship. They claim that developing romantic relationships are replete with uncertainty. In the beginning of a relationship, people are learning to understand and predict their partners behavior. In order to maintain security in and certainty of the relationship, people adjust their cognitions about their partner, focusing on their virtues. Building on past literature regarding self-fulfilling effects of perceptions, they argue that by focusing on the positive aspects of their partner, people will tend to have positive interactions with their partner that contribute to a favorable view of their partner as the right person (e.g. Snyder, Tanke, Berscheid, 1977). As relationships develop, partners become more interdependent and their investments increase (e.g., Levinger, 1983). Furthermore, over time, partners become more aware of each others inherent shortcomings threatening their beliefs and idealizations that their partner is the right person. According to Murray and colleagues (1996a), as these realities grow more apparent, people become motivated to maintain confidence in their relationship and their partner provoking the idealization process. Research has shown that positive illusions have self-fulfilling effects. Specifically, intimates who idealize their partner experience greater decreases in relationship doubt and relationship conflict as well as greater increases in relationship satisfaction than intimates who do not idealize their partners (Murray et al., 1996a, 1996b). Murray and Holmes (1997) found that partners in both dating and married relationships who idealized each other experienced greater love, greater trust and less ambivalence in their relationships than those intimates who did not idealize each other. In a longitudinal follow-up study the authors found that among dating couples, those people that held stronger illusions about their partner (i.e. more idealistic perceptions of their partner) initially were less likely to terminate the relationship than those individuals who held less idealistic illusions about their partners. Given that positive illusions fend off relational uncertainty (Murray et al., 1996a), the present research will examine whether associations between relational uncertainty and positive illusions are moderated by relationship type (i.e. LDRRs vs. CPRRs). Specifically, this study will address whether relationships marked by greater uncertainty (i.e. LDRRs) are likely to engender the use of positive illusions. Recent research suggests that couples in LDRRs are more likely to use positive illusions than couples in CPRRs (Stafford Merolla, 2007). They suggest a possible reason for this phenomenon. Idealizations stem from a lack of FtF interaction, a hallmark of LDRRs. Indeed they found that idealizations in LDRRs were a) more apparent than in CPRRs, b) related to a lack of FtF communication, and c) related to increased optimism about the future of the relationship. Although initial evidence supports the idea that positive illusions are used as a way to cope with the lack of FtF interaction in LDRRs, there are a number of limitations that need to be addressed (small sample size, possibility of other mediated channels of communication). Future research should address these limitations and offer alternative explanations for why positive illusions are more apparent in LDRRs than in CPRRs. This is because the divergences between the two relationship types are presumably not limited to quantity of FtF interaction, but having substantive qualitative differences Because Murray, et al. (1996a) suggests that positive illusions decrease relational uncertainty, the present study suggests that partners in LDRRs use positive illusions more than partners in CDRRs because they face greater relational uncertainty. Supporting this idea, Sahlstein (2004) interviewed partners in LDRRs and found that approximately 12% of couples interviewed reported that time apart creates uncertainty and unknowns because partners are not sharing experiences. In addition, Sahlstein (1996) found that partners in LDRRs and CPRRs who were more certain of interaction rituals (i.e., interaction that occurs in a fixed manner at a fixed time) were more likely to report higher relationship satisfaction than partners who were not certain of interaction rituals. Relational Uncertainty According to Knobloch and Solomon (2002b), romantic relationships are prime contexts for experiencing uncertainty. Relational uncertainty is the degree of confidence that people have in their perceptions of involvement within interpersonal associations (Knobloch Solomon, 1999).There are three main sources of relational uncertainty that arise in romantic relationships: self uncertainty, partner uncertainty, and relationship uncertainty (Knobloch Solomon, 1999; Knobloch, Solomon, Cruz, 2001). Self uncertainty includes partners reservations about their own involvement in the romantic relationship. Partner uncertainty involves peoples doubts about their partners participation in the relationship. Relationship uncertainty constitutes doubts about the relationship itself. During relationship development, people are learning to navigate, understand, and predict their partners behavior. People experience uncertainty about their own and their partners goals, beliefs, emotional states, etc. (Berger, 1995). Because relational uncertainty is a negative aversive state, partners are motivated to reduce this feeling, especially if they want to remain committed to their partner and their relationship. Prior research has found that relational uncertainty is positively related to negative relationship outcomes such as jealousy (Knobloch, Solomon, Cruz, 2001) and negatively related to positive relationship outcomes such as intimacy (Knobloch Solomon, 2002; Thesis Solomon, 2008). Because LDRRs are characterized by relational uncertainty (Cameron Ross, 2007; Shalstein, 2004) and experienced uncertainty is linked to negative relational outcomes (decreases in intimacy, increase in jealousy), the present study will investigate the moderating effects of relationship type (LDRR or CPRR) on the relationship between relational uncertainty and positive illusions, as well as relationship quality measures (i.e., satisfaction, intimacy, optimism). Outline of proposed study and hypotheses The present study contributes to the growing literature on LDRRs by investigating a mediation model of relationship satisfaction moderated by relationship type (LDRR or CPRR) in order to explain how and why partners in LDRRs differ from partners in CPRRs in reports of relationship quality measures (i.e. satisfaction, intimacy, optimism). Within such parameters, this work focuses on positive illusions as a possible mediator of the relationship between relational uncertainty and relationship quality (i.e. satisfaction, closeness and optimism). In addition, the current study suggests that relationship type (LDRRs or CPRRs) will moderate the relationship between relational uncertainty and positive illusions (mediator variable) such that relational uncertainty will be associated with greater positive illusions for partner in LDRRs than partners in CPRRs. This study is a 2 (relationship type: LDRR vs. CPRR) x 2 (relational certainty: low vs. high) x 2 (positive illusions: low vs. high) bet ween groups factorial design. The dependent measures are relationship satisfaction, intimacy, and optimism. Hypotheses Prior research indicates that relational uncertainty is associated with jealousy (Knobloch et al, 2001), negative emotion (Aune et al., 1994), and decreased liking for a romantic partner (Kellerman Reynolds). Additionally, research suggests that uncertainty reduction fosters feelings of intimacy (Knobloch Solomon; Theiss Solomon, 2008). In line with this research, the present study proposes: H1: People who are uncertain about their relationship will report lower levels of satisfaction and intimacy in their relationship than people who are certain about their relationship. Murray et al (1996a) argue that positive illusions develop naturally through relationship progression. According to them, partners idealize their partners exaggerating their qualities and understating their weaknesses in the face of relational uncertainty. In addition, Stafford and Merolla (2007) suggest that lack of FtF interaction leads partners in LDRRs to idealize their partners more than partners in CPRRs. They also found that positive illusions in LDRRs were related to feelings of optimism about the future of their relationship. These findings, taken together, suggest that positive illusions act as a coping mechanism for partners who face relational uncertainty. Formally stated: H2: People who are uncertain about their relationship will idealize their partners more than those people who are certain about their relationship. H3: People who idealize their partner will be more satisfied with and optimistic about their relationship than people who do not idealize their partner. H4: People who are in LDRRs will be more likely to idealize their partner than people who are in CPRRs. Even though some research suggests otherwise (Van Horn, Arnone, Nesbitt, Desilets, Sears, Giffin, Brudi, 1997; Helgeson, 1994a), partners in LDRRs have been found to report similar levels of satisfaction, trust, and intimacy as partners in CPRRs (Guldner Swenson, 1995). Counterintuitively, these divergent findings suggest that partners in LDRRs and CPRRs do not significantly differ on their reports of satisfaction. Formally stated: H5: People who are in LDRRs will report similar levels of relationship satisfaction as people in CPRRs. Proposed Study Two hundred (25 people per cell) partners who are currently in a LDRR or a CPRR will be asked to participate in the present study (the interest in this study is with individual responses not that of the dyad). Participants will be asked to fill out an informed consent form. Then a questionnaire will be given to each participant. This questionnaire will include a question about relationship status, as well as measures of relational uncertainty, positive illusions, satisfaction, intimacy, and optimism. In addition, participants will be asked to fill out a demographic questionnaire (age, length of relationship, attachment style, etc.) Results Overview of Analytic Strategy Given that couples in contrast to individuals served as participants, partners responses will likely be interdependent. Advised by Kenney (1988), couples will serve as the unit of analysis. Hypothesis 1 predicts that people who are certain about their relationship will report lower levels of satisfaction and intimacy than people who are certain about their relationships. A MANOVA will be conducted with sex as the within-dyad factor and relational certainty (low or high) as the between subjects factor. Hypothesis 2 predicts that uncertain people will idealize their partners more than those people who are certain. A MANOVA will be conducted with sex as the within-dyad factor and relational certainty as the between subjects factor. Hypothesis 3 predicts that people who idealize their partner more will be more satisfied than people who do not idealize their partner. A MANOVA will be conducted with sex as the within-dyad factor and positive illusions (high or low) as the between subjects factor. Hypotheses 4 and 5 predict that people in LDRRs will idealize their partner more than people in CPRRS but that both partners in LDRRs and in CPRRs will report similar levels of satis faction. A MANOVA will be conducted with sex as the within-dyad factor and relationship type (LDRR or CPRR) as the between subjects factor. Discussion The purpose of the current research is to add to the burgeoning literature on LDRRs. Specifically, the goal is to show that positive illusions mediate the relationship between relational uncertainty and relationship quality measures. In addition, the present study suggests that relationship type moderates the relationship between relational uncertainty and positive illusions. If the proposed hypotheses are supported, there will be implications for future research focused on positive illusions and LDRRs. Specifically, the results of this study could be applied to a therapeutic setting. If positive illusions are found to be related to positive relationship outcomes then therapists could teach couples to use this coping technique as a way to deal with the stress of maintaining a LDRR. One limitation of the proposed study is that the variables of interest are measured not manipulated. If the present results are supported, future research should attempt to manipulate relational uncertainty to determine if there is a causal relationship between uncertainty, positive illusions, and relationship quality measures. Although to date there are no relational uncertainty manipulations, future research should modify the self uncertainty priming procedure discussed in Hogg, Sherman, Dierselhuis, Maitner, and MoYtt (2007) for this purpose. In addition to conducting experiments, future research should also study other possible moderators of the proposed model. For example, attachment style as a moderator, do insecurely attached partners feel even more uncertain in LDRR than securely attached partners? If so, would they be even more or less likely to use positive illusions. Future research should address these intriguing questions. The present study also brings up a number of conceptual issues and questions. For example, although positive illusions counteract doubts people hold about the realities of their partners imperfections and relationship problems, are there some more severe relationship problems that should not be construed and instead be directly addressed? Recent research suggests that these cognitive construal processes are maladaptive for partners who face more severe or frequent relationship problems (McNulty, OMara Karney, 2008). In a longitudinal study, McNulty et al. (2008) found that although positive illusions led to greater marital satisfaction in healthy marriages (i.e., less relationship problems and observed negative behavior), these cognitive processes also led to a decrease in marital satisfaction for those partners in troubled marriages. The authors suggest that partners who face mild marital problems may benefit from using positive illusions rather than facing potential conflict in ad dressing these problems. However, employing positive illusions to cope with relationships marked by more sever marital problems (physical or psychological abuse) may just exacerbate these problems over time. In relation to LDRRs, perhaps partners should not employ positive illusions over long periods of time and instead directly address problems associated with negotiating time apart if they want to ensure the future of their relationship. Another interesting issue that arises deals with how partners in LDRRs that idealize their partner fair when they make a transition from LDRR to CPRR. Recent work by Stafford and Merolla (2007) found that upon transitioning to a CPRR, people formerly in LDRRs who idealized their partner were more likely to terminate their relationship than people formerly in LDRRs who idealized their partner less. This suggests that although positive illusions might act as a coping strategy for partners who deal with high relational uncertainty, this strategy does not seem to work when the relationship type changes.

Police and Abuse :: essays research papers

POLICE AND ABUSE When discussing police efforts and juvenile delinquency one can only imagine the difficulty officers encounter while performing their primary duty which is to protect the public. But how can or does one (officer) efficiently protect the community while preserving the rights of the juvenile criminals as well. We as a public have become more and more aware everyday of how hard it is for the police to work effectively, but now we are faced with a larger dilemma. The juvenile justice system was enacted to help juveniles who commit crimes learn from their mistakes or actions and to make them better citizens for our communities. The dilemma we face is having a criminal justice system that wants criminals to pay for their actions and a juvenile justice system that wants to help those who commit crimes. And who do we have in the middle of these two remarkable systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the police. The concept of proper policing has changed over the years and has incorporated the assistance of concerned citizens. We are leaving the crime fighting to the communities for policing. No we’re not deputizing communities, but we are involving those concerned citizens who see the downfall of not being involved anymore. We are no longer crime fighters, but we maintain order and discipline. We are not necessarily here just to stop an armed bank robbery in progress, but we are more visible in the community whereas this acts as a deterrent to commit most crimes in communities. And we let the members of the community know we are accessible at all times to be the deterrent or visible whenever they should need us. POLICE AND ABUSE Since officers cannot treat juveniles in the same manner as adults the idea of community policing is the greatest tool conceived. Imagine a community who is involved in every child’s life that when this particular child misbehaves in any way members of the community are the first responders and handle this situation without police involvement. Dream on I know, but when we are discussing juveniles and police officers I often believe we are too late in rehabilitating a child. Let’s look at a simple statistic of juvenile arrests in our nation: 1. 500 juveniles are arrested. 2. Of them 320 are referred to juvenile court. 3. 140 are informally handled and released. 4. 25 referred to criminal court. 5. 10 are referred to welfare. 6. 5 are referred to other police department agencies.

So Long A Letter by Mariama Ba and Blood Wedding by Frederico Garcia Lo

"So Long A Letter" by Mariama Ba and "Blood Wedding" by Frederico Garcia Lorca Thesis: Characters that cause immense pain to another, especially to their consorts, succumb to death in the texts So Long A Letter and Blood Wedding by Mariama Bà ¢ and Federico Garcà ­a Lorca respectively. Death is one aspect of life that prevents a person from being invincible. It is one of the inevitable occurrences that a man has to yield to. In the texts So Long A Letter and Blood Wedding by Mariama Bà ¢ and Federico Garcà ­a Lorca respectively, death is a poignant theme that has prevailed throughout the course of the text. The question is whether the deaths of characters in these texts are deserved, and devised by the authors due to the immense pain dispensed by these characters to their consorts. Firstly, So Long A Letter by Mariama Bà ¢ which is a letter cum diary from Ramatoulaye to her best friend Aissatou depicts the series of events that have taken place in the past, mainly portraying the lamentation of three women (Ramatoulaye, Aissatou and Jacqueline) due to their husbands’ lack of commitment. Moreover, this text outlines the Senegalese way of living and how the Muslim society accepts polygamy readily. As we read the text, we are introduced to Modou Fall, the husband to Ramatoulaye, who died of an unknown cause. In my opinion, his death was destined due to the everlasting pain he dispensed to his wife. This is because of his â€Å"abrupt decision to take a second wife† and his abandonment of his family. This was a very appalling situation as Modou walked out on Ramatoulaye and his twelve children to go and improve relations with a girl the age of his daughter. Although he married her committing polygamy which was sanc... ...trated mood the Mother is in since she has lost all her family members now including her ultimate hope of survival: her son, the Bridegroom. Accordingly, I perceive that the Bridegroom deserved to die as he dispensed pain and grief not only to the Bride but also to his mother. All in all, we have seen that the statement ‘characters that cause immense pain to another, especially to their consorts, succumb to death’ is apt. Moreover, it can be learnt form this piece of work that the consequence of the action you perform will be commensurate to the intensity of that action. Therefore, Modou Fall, Leonardo and the Bridegroom all deserved to succumb to death. Last but not the least, it can be noted that all the characters that cause immense pain to others in both the texts are the male characters while the recipients of such pain are the female characters.

Decision-Making Models Essay -- Decision-Making Model Analysis

Decision-Making Models General assumptions create the foundation of a person's reasoning. Imperfections with a supposition can create the opportunity for a skewed perspective in a person's reasoning process (Paul & Elder, 2002). The process of choosing one course of action over another is commonly known as decision making. Consciously or unconsciously, people make decisions on a daily basis founded on one or more of the various decision-making models (Sullivan, n.d.). This paper examines how I apply various decision-making models in the workplace to generate accurate workload estimations in my career. The Qualitative Choice Theory also known as analogous reasoning uses past experience to help an individual make decisions. A resolution is derived by looking at what has occurred historically and basing the decision on the expected outcome (Arsham, 1994). The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methodology is a decision-making model that uses a mathematical formula established on realistic, pessimistic, and optimistic estimates to provide an accurate estimate of the most likely amount of time to complete a project (â€Å"Critical path analysis & pert charts,† n.d.). Building on the analogous methodology, the parametric decision-making model looks at one small piece of a project, estimates the amount of time required to complete the particular section of the project, and multiplies the smaller piece times the number of total pieces (International Society of Parametric Analysts, 1999). The Monte Carlo simulation is a technique that makes use of computer models to aid in making decisions in intricate circumstances (Grambow, n.d.). My duties at work often require that I provide estimations for the level of effort required for projects I am working on and I employ all three of the aforementioned decision-making methodologies. More often than not, I rely on the analogous model drawing on my experience as a subject matter expert to create time estimates for small projects. Drawing on more than 5 years of programming experience, I am able create realistic estimates of the level of effort required to complete a small project. I use this methodology when asked to estimate simple text changes to the user interface for Web pages I maintain. For example, a client has just requested a change to the welcome page of his Web site and has committed to provide text... ...Retrieved June 20, 2005, from The University of Baltimore Web site: http://home.ubalt.edu/ ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII.htm Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J.M. (2002). Critical thinking [Electronic Version]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Critical path analysis & pert charts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2005, from http://www.work911.com/cgi-bin/links/jump.cgi?ID=4532 International Society of Parametric Analysts. (1999). Parametric estimating initiative (pei) parametric estimating handbook: Company developed models (chap. 4). Retrieved June 20, 2005, from http://www.ispa-cost.org/PEIWeb/ch4.htm Grambo, M. (n.d.). Monte carlo analysis. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from The University of Scranton Web site: http://academic.uofs.edu/ faculty/gramborw/tumonte.htm Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life [Electronic Version]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sullivan, M. (n.d.). Problem solving, decision making and critical thinking. Retrieved June 20, 2005, from Villanova University Web site: http://www52.homepage.villanova.edu/maureen.sullivan/ coursematerial/L&M_Notes/ProblemSolving.htm

Women in Sons and Lovers

Sons and Lovers, published in 1913, is D. H. Lawrence's third novel. It was his first successful novel and arguably his most popular. Many of the details of the novel's plot are based on Lawrence's own life and, unlike his subsequent novels, this one is relatively straightforward in its descriptions and action. D. H. Lawrence has been always criticized for the content of his novel and his characters. Sons and Lovers is another novel which was even banned for years because of its explicit indications to sexual intercourse and the complex and complicated relationship of mother and sons.Society has a certain code fixed for a mother but Lawrence attempted to portray the mother figure in a quite different way. In fact, Lawrence puts question that to what extent a mother should care for her children and shows what happens if a mother becomes wife-submissive through the character of Gertrude Morel who is also known as Mrs. Morel. This paper would attempt to explore the character of Mrs. Mor el through the feminist point of view. Before discussing Mrs. Morel’s character through the magnifying glass of feminism, it is needed to focus what does feminism means and what does the feminist criticism deal with.The most straightforward definition of feminism says that is a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of men and women. It is a campaign against gender inequalities and it strives for equal rights for women. Feminism can be also defined as the right to enough information available to every single woman so that she can make a choice to live a life which is not discriminatory and which works within the principles of social, cultural, political and economic equality and independence.It is in fact a global struggle for gender equality and end of gender based discriminatory practices against women. Feminism is also related to men in the sense that all gender based equality is in fact a balance between the male and female with the intention of li berating the individual. In that sense the definition of feminism also includes all movements and campaigns that target men and boys for gender sensitization with a goal to end gender based discriminatory practices and achieve gender based equality. Feminist literary criticism is the critical analysis of literary works ased on the feminist perspective. In particular, feminist literary critics tend to reject the patriarchal norms of literature that privileges masculine ways of thinking/points of view and marginalizes women politically, economically and psychologically. Some critics find that feminist criticism makes space for and listens to women's voices previously muted or drowned out by dominant patriarchal literary-critical practices. In other words, what the text leaves out says much about the writer, literature in general, and society as a whole.By using this â€Å"hermeneutics of suspicion† literary critics hope to reveal how women are marginalized in the language of li terature. Now, in Sons and Lovers, Mrs. Morel is portrayed as the victim of the patriarchal society and the stones in Paul’s life road to success, to some extent. This paper would try to avoid the normal literary criticism to Sons and Lovers, and rather would focus on the analysis of the three tragic women through feminine position, and specially would explore how Lawrence has portrayed Mrs.Morel with all the issues of female essence (differance). Mrs. Morel, who came from a little capitalist class, aloof and cultured, is a woman of knowledge of a Victorian woman but her character can be read from Marxist-Feminist point of view. From very young, she has been struggling against patriarch, fighting for her existence and for women’s rights, longing to become an authoritative, independent and responsible man. As the England industrial atmosphere came, in the man-centered family, her husband treated her sadistically, Mrs.Morel naturally constitute an alliance with her sons to live, she taught them to change their social position and entered the middleclass, through knowledge and will, the children became Mrs. Morel’s tools to make her dream and ambition come true. But all these just paint deep tragic color to Mrs. Morel. Because Mrs. Morel chose the rood to setting up a union with her son to become hermaphrodite didn’t come true. She put her children in her bosom, cast her own dream and life outlook on her children, hoped to fill in her emotion empty because she is a wife-submissive.Although this abnormal maternal lieu helped her sons become outstanding, hold back free growth of individuality, cause their thought variant and their personality split. Mrs. Morel’s existence is the only support to Paul’s life road to become an artist. Through loving his mother, Paul tried to find man’s rights even in sleep. She should be responsible for this abnormal love, no matter what position she held in her sons’ growth, she got only the colored utilizable repay, she didn’t fulfill her emotion’s need, and this is her very most tragic thing.But this is just a simple summary of the whole novel and there are more left for discussion. D. H. Lawrence believed in male supremacy and that is why he wrote that â€Å"as a matter of fact unless a woman is held by man, safe within the bounds of belief, she becomes inevitably a destructive force†. Simone de Beauvoir terms this attitude â€Å"bourgeois conception† and states that Lawrence rediscovers this conception that woman should subordinate her existence to that of man. Thus, Lawrence can be regarded as an anti-feminist.An anti-feminist writing is not only satirical in tone but it represents women nature intended to conform her to male expectations and tries to decide what she ought to be and what is not her own. Mrs. Morel is presented by Lawrence as a proud woman as she came from an old burgher family and that made her pay higher r ent to the landlord which is a way of showing off superiority over other miners’ families. Lawrence defines it as â€Å"a kind of aristocracy†. Mrs. Morel did not take Walter’s earnings into account while they got married but after the marriage it became a huge issue for her.She could not accept it that her husband was not a gentleman rather he is a miner and ultimately, this became the reason of failure of their marriage life. Though she married Walter knowingly that he earns a little but after a certain period of time, she started hating her husband for being a miner and for not having a respected job. In the first half, Mrs. Morel is shown with sympathy to be the victim of a brutal husband and of an economic system that oppresses her. Later she becomes the over-possessive mother shifting her growing children and thwarting their natural development towards the independence of adulthood.It can be said that Mrs. Morel became too much authoritative because of her ‘penis envy’. She knew that though she came from a burgher family, still she is bound to obey Mr. Morel as he is the head of the family according to the patriarchal society. Apart from the issue of penis envy, Lawrence presented the relationship between man and series of female stereotypes. The mother’s disappointment with the father leads to the transfer of her deepest feelings from him to her offspring and particularly, the male offspring, whom, unconsciously she begins to treat as substitutes for her husband.The mother who has poured her love into her son instead of giving it to her husband does seem, in Lawrence’s own cherished meaning of the phrase, ‘wife-submissive’. But at the same time, that phrase is a give-away. It sounds an old familiar note. Here is the mother being wife-submissive to her son, says the exasperated voice of Lawrence, when she ought to be preciously that to her husband – a simple case of misdirected energy. I t has not been simply misdirected, but distorted as well.The woman does not feel now, for the first time, as a true wife might feel, nor does the son find her love quite so wonderful as all that. Sexual frustration inevitably follows, and this is excellently diagnosed in Sons and Lovers. His mother is far closer to him; she clings to him jealously, fighting against the younger woman’s power, and succeeding in holding the pair apart. Paul wants to marry Miriam but Mrs. Morel resists because she wants Paul â€Å"to marry a lady†. Apart from Paul, she also does the same thing for William. She wants William to be a gentleman unlike his father.Her possessiveness becomes clearer when a girl comes to meet William and Mrs. Morel replies â€Å"I don’t approve of the girls my son meets at dances. † In this novel, D. H. Lawrence has portrayed women, Specially Mrs. Morel with all he weaknesses (female essence) like nagging, orienting the children against their father , making the sons as husband-substitute, showy in nature and being over-possessive. Paul partly disassociated himself from the crude gender distinction he is voicing, although he still endorses the idea that women are by nature unfitted to full-time work.So, Lawrence reveals Paul’s opinion of women’s inferior capacity for work. After all these discussions, it seems quite clear that Mrs. Morel is the victim of one man and therefore can only live out her life vicariously through the progress made by her sons. Miriam also feels victimized by the men in her family and looks to Paul to help her escape from her servitude. Same thing goes for Clara. All of them, especially Mrs. Morel, are defined by men as their â€Å"Other† and thus, marginalized textually as well as socially and sexually.

Describe the functions Essay

Received assignment which is to cover element 3. 1 all PCs. My initial task is to Gather all relevant information on the basic data structures for storage and retrieval. I will research through lecture notes and the books BTEC Information Technology, BTEC in Computing, File structures theory and practice, as well as to search through the CD ROM Groliers Encyclopaedia. Take notes on any relevant Information 9/5/95 – 11/5/95 Research information on the way that Basic data structures are analysed for different applications. Research through above books and CD ROM’s and take relevant notes. 11/5/95 13/5/95 Find out about logical and physical file organisation, with regards to PC3 Element 6. 1 of the log book. Take notes on relevant Information. 13/5/95 – 15/5/95 16/5/95 18/5/95 Research information using methods as above with regards to how the physical file organisation is analysed in relation to different media, PC4. Make notes Research information to cover PC 5, which needs me to explain location and access methods. Use literature as above 19/5/95 Word process first draft, and take to tutor for first review After outcome of first review take tutors advice accordingly. 20/5/95 Check work to see if any important facts have been omitted, ask Tutor for a second review. After outcome of second review finalise any missing facts. Word process final draft, check the work for mistakes and hand in finished report for 1/6/95 Nicky Wilson GNVQ Advanced IT Investigate data Structure for storage and Retrieval Element 6. 1 Introduction The report will analyse basic data structures for different applications and physical file organisation in relation to different media. The report will also explain basic data structure for storage and retrieval, logical and physical file organisation and location and access methods. A data structure is essentially a number of data items, also called elements or nodes with some relationship linking them together. Each item consists of one or more named parts called fields occupying one or more memory locations in the computer. For instance a list of numbers occupying consecutive memory locations in a computer is a simple data structure. Array: This is an ordering of the data elements so that the data is able to be extracted in a logical fashion, shown below is a diagram showing an example of this 1 6 9 3 Dim x (3) Index value 7 4 4 1 Dim y (3) Index value Dim x (3,3) Index value 9 2 6 7 Dim y (3,3,3) Index value Stack: The stack is a data structure chacterized by the expression LIFO = Last in first out this means that most recent item added to the stack is the first one which can be removed from the stack. A stack pointer is used to keep track of the last item added to the stack, which is the current top of the stack. Stacks are frequently used for data temporary storage. One common application of stacks is for storing return addresses (link values) for closed routines. TOP SP BOTTOM A stack only has two operations PUSH: Add an item POP: Remove the top item. FULL & EMPTY: Stack pointer It can define maximum values only one end used. Queue: The data structure known as a queue has the same characteristics as the queues that we encounter in everyday life. A queue in a data structure in which elements are added only at the rear of the list and removed only from the front of the list. A queue structure is often given the name FIFO which stands for first In first out. Data in what we call a queue is not moved along like people in a cinema queue, instead each datum stays in its storage location until its turn comes, thereby reducing time spent in data movement. The use of pointers makes this possible. FRONT BACK JOIN HERE Take items from the front, add items to the end. List: Lists provide a flexible way of handling data items in order. Changes to the order can be achieved with minimal data movement and little loss of storage space These can be ordered can contain N > 0 items, each data is an element, 3, 4, 41, 62, 79, 8, 11 or FRED, JIM, ANDY, CHRIS, SID. Tree: The tree structure is an Hierarchical structure, the term tree refers to a non linear data structure in which nodes have two or more pointers to other nodes forming an hierarchical structure. The top node is called the root node The bottom node are called leaf (Terminal nodes) and the nodes are connected by branches. Shown below is an example of a tree structure showing how a record in a employee file may have the structure shown below. Works Number Name County Sex Post Holidays Status Nation`ty phone Street Town Age Service Dept Years Salary Entitmnt Storage & Retrieval For example in a banking organisation, the information that must be recorded could be information on a customers checking or savings account, on loan applications, about employees of banking institutions etc. Due to the four parts of information, each part is related to as a file, so the banking organisation must record the information in four separate file shown below. Checking Savings Loan Employee Accounts Accounts Applications File File File File Records: Are a collection of related fields, an example to show this could be a record of an accounts file, which contains four fields. Illustrated below is a diagram showing this. ACCOUNT NAME ADDRESS BALANCE 9783 – 59 -812 JOE BLOGGS BLOGGS AVENUE 1000. 89 Files: Logical is referred to as the external view of the file a logical file is nothing more than a collection of all logical data. Media Access: File storage media is of two main types, Serial access and direct access, below is a short explanation of the two. Serial Access media: This means that in order to access a particular record, it is necessary to read all records which precede it in the relevant file. An example of this storage medium is in normal cassette tape. A difficulty with this storage media is that there are no readily identifiable physical access areas on the medium which can be addressed, it is non addressable. Thus to look for an individual record the software needs to examine eachreco rd key field, in sequence from the start of the file until the required record is found. Direct access media: This allows direct access to a particular record, for example floppy or Hard drives. They have physical divisions which can be identified by computer software, as well as hardware, and can be addressable so that particular locations can be referred to by name or code, to retrieve a record which is shared at the location. Basic data structures are analysed for different applications Input / output Queuing and spooling Computer and printer everytime you print work out in room 107 YCC you go into a queue, it stores the information and prints it out in the order it went in. Queuing information uses first in first out. If it was more advanced, for example you needed to have certain priorities for printing ( small files first) to make the system more efficient you would need to use a list structure. Spooling is the other way round, putting things together ready to go out. It would be possible to use a queue data structure. Storage (tables, declarations, files, databases) Table for example containing storage devices. TABLE 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 Two dimensional, one column specifies, and one column specifies the row. Stored in a two dimensional array structure. Files are made up by a number of logical records. 1 Dimensional array Dimensional array Field Record Record Record Record Record Problem must contain the same type of information Each box of array can only store the same type of Information Retrieval: All structure storage and retrieval vary from structure to structure. It may use a tree, to extract information from a tree the name given is traversing the tree or tree walking, for simplicity we will use binary trees. The reason for this is that each node can only have two branches. Left Subtree Node Right Subtree A B C D E F G. Inorder Traversal: Traverse the left subtree, visit the node. Traverse the right subtree. = DBEEAFCG Preorder Traversal Start at Node A Traverse the left Subtree. = ABDECFG Post Order Traversal Traverse the left Traverse the right Return to the Root. (Node) = DEBFGCA. Searching For searching list and array structures. Compilation: is the process of translating a High level language into machine code (Basic, Pascal, FORTRAN) There are 3 main steps   Lexical   Syntax Analysis Data structures is what we are interested in   Code generation Lexical analysis: This involves breaking the input to the compiler into chunks, also known as tokens. Syntax Analysis: This involves checking whether the input tokens form valid sentences when put together. This process is known as parsing. The second process of syntax analysis involves determining the values of arithmetic expressions. Code Generation: The final stage of the compilation process, where the machine code is generated. Methods of Syntax Analysis Parse trees can be used to evaluate whether a statement has the correct syntax. Customer 27 Customer 6 Customer 33 Customer 49 Sequential access files These are the files where the records are stored one after another in a predetermined order. This is usually around the key field, when files of data are created you need a means of access to a particular record within those files. This is done by giving each record a key field by which the record can be recognised or identified. Examples of key fields could be Customer number in a customer ledger record Stock code number in a stock record   Employee clock number in a payroll record Customer 10 Customer 26 Customer 34 Customer 47. Indexed sequential file: Records are stored in a sequence like sequential, the important difference is that an index is provided to enable individual records to be located. Strictly speaking the records may not always be stored in sequence but the index will always enable the sequence to be determined. Illustrated below is an example of an indexed sequential file. 1 INDEX 2 3 1 . . 10 . 10 11 20 12 . . . 20 21 22 Random access file structure This allows the ability to retrieve a record without having to read all the records that appear before it in the file. it allows fast access to records it is ideally suited for Interactive systems. Physical file organisation is analysed to different media Magnetic tape. Because of the physical characteristics of magnetic tape it is necessary when processing a file that the tape unit starts to read the tape unit at the beginning of the tape. Magnetic tape is a low cost high storage capacity device, its advantages are that it is very cheap. Files can be organised two ways serial and sequentially. Shown below is a diagram showing how a file is arranged on tape both logically and physically. Block or physical record File I I header R1 R2 R3 R4 B R5 R6 R7 B R9 R10 R11 R12 †¦ label G G Logical Records Inter Block Gap. Magnetic Disk: Magnetic disk provides storage facilities far more flexible than magnetic tape. The surface of the disk is divided into physical locations. It is a direct access medium. Magnetic disk supports the following file organisation methods Serial, Sequential. CD ROM Uses tracks to store the data on, the tracks are very close together . They have a mass storage capacity, they can hold about 600Mb of information and are direct access medium. Latest CDs now allow you to put information on and keep adding to it. RAM Random access memory is Electrical memory, it is a temporary store for holding programs and data that has either been put into the computer from either disk, typed at the keyboard or input from some other device. This type of memory is called volatile memory that means that the contents of main memory can be destroyed, either by been overwritten or when the machine is switched off. It is direct access and very fast access, it has a limited capacity and is relatively expensive. Location and access methods are explained serial sequential order: The lowest value is at the top, and the highest at the bottom. You would start at the beginning and work your way, the advantage of using this way is if for instance if you wanted to find number 29, if by the time it gets to number 34 the value is not found, the search will be terminated immediately. If it wasn’t sequential you would have to go through the entire list. 4 13 26 34 If number 29 is not found by here, search will be stopped 97 102 Serial search: Using a serial search you would go through the files in each order, look through data items one at a time, from the start of the data structure to the end. This can be a very inefficient type of search because all of the data items must be examined unless the data is ordered. This is the only type of search that can be used with unordered information. Serial record search: This means that in order to identify and retrieve a particular record it is necessary to read all the records which precede it in the relevant file, until the file you require is found RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 Evaluation I am happy with the outcome of the assignment, I feel that I have covered the criteria and the range that was required. The way I approached the assignment was as such, first of all I researched Information from the books Information Technology by Roger Carter, BTEC Computer Studies, Information Processing BTEC, A level BTEC and first degree computing. The next process was to decide which way, was the best way to try and cover the PCs and ranges for the unit were covered. Eventually I reached the conclusion that it would be easier for me to work through the PCs in the order that they appear in the log book. Thus starting with PC1. The other way I thought of approaching the assignment was to start by doing PC1 first but to try and bring in other elements of the ranges in accordingly. The reason why I opted out of doing it this way was because I thought that it would make it more difficult. The way that I tried to checked the validity of the Information was by, trying to compare the information that I had it with the different books and CD ROM’s to see if it was correct. This way proved hard. In my opinion it is hard to judge the validity of the information for this assignment, because certain areas relating to this subject is hard to find a wide range of Information on. I have not done the work as instructed on my action plan, I have had reviews by tutor earlier than stated in my action plan, the reason for this is because I have other assignments that need completing. If any criticism is to be applied to my work, I feel that I have not gone into depth with certain parts of the assignment, but elaborated too much on other areas. Bibliography Books and CD ROM’s Used Computer Studies for BTEC (3rd Edition) Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callaghan, John Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1993 Information Processing for BTEC 2nd Edition Geoffrey Knott, Nick Waites, Paul Callaghan, John Ellison. Business Education Publisher ltd. 1990. A level, BTEC & first degree Computing by Nick Waites, Geoffrey Knott. Business Education Publishers Limited 1992 Information Technology by Roger Carter, first published 1991, reprinted 1992. Encarta encyclopaedia, Times, Guardian, Groliers Encyclopaedia (CD ROMS).

Assessment for learning Essay

Learning is an innate capability of a person. People perceive things and learn through their experiences while they grow up and develop accordingly with their ages. Aside from the normal people who learn in the normal way, there are off course other people who are above normal, after which learn through special trainings and conditioning. People learn accordingly with their capacity to gain information and store it in their minds. It is not only by sending children to school that they are learning but also through their real life experiences that require not only for their intelligence but also for their emotional skills. In determining the learning rate of a certain group, it is very important that the surveyor is able to gather the information about the specific group such as age range, family background, nutrition of the students and other factors that actually affect the learning activity of a person, be it a cognitive or conditional learning. There are also specific tests that can be given to the students or the target learners to have written and documented results. Suppose I chose the pool of elementary students that includes children ranging from 10-11 years old. These children are already exposed to a large scope of media that portray the different roles and scenarios in the society. If I am to analyze their emotional intelligence, I would give them examinations that can determine how well they interact with other students such that they will be told to work on groups. Through the activity, students with good family background can actually have the bigger possibilities of leading the group thus causing peace whenever other children tend to fight for what they believe. Off course there will be passive kind of children and the best tool to give or offer them are group dynamics that can actually unleash their inner talents. That is also possible if the conductor of the test is encouraging and enthusiastic. In terms of academic assessments, children on this age range can be fed with lectures and practice activities such as solving math problems or subject and verb agreement. In my past experiences as a child, it is very effective for me that children will be given the chance to construct their own sentences and math problems. After that, children will be asked to solve and analyze what they do and have it in group discussions. Group discussions can help the children to gain other ways of solving such problems and understanding different sentences. It is also helpful that the teacher follows up the development of the understanding of a student. Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the lesson is necessary thus providing them devices and strategies that can help them understand more the difficult points. Specific tools that can be used in assessing the ability of a person in Mathematics and English can be flash cards and reading literary pieces (stories, anecdotes) respectively. Both can add up to the expertise of a student to the subject matter. Every child deserves the right for education. For those who can’t afford it, there are still many ways to supply your children with it; either tutoring them every day or enrolling them a school that caters scholarships. It is vital to feed the children with knowledge while they are young and still can acquire and save them to their memories. The value of education is much more priceless than any treasure in this world: not fading but still growing through ages. Reference QCA WEBSITE. Assessment for learning. Retrieved 1 May 2008 from http://www. qca. org. uk/qca_5067. aspx